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Antigen:
8-hydroxy-guanosine-BSA and casein conjugates
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Clone designation:
15A3
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Host:
Mouse
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Isotype:
IgG2α
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Application(s):
ELISA, IHC, and immunoaffinity columns
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DNA and RNA damage is due to enviromental factors and normal metabolic processes inside the cell, that then hinder the ability of the cell to carry out its functions. Four main types of DNA are endogenous cellular processes oxidation, alkylation, hydrolysis, and of the mismatch bases. Oxidation of bases is caused by reaction with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which include nitric oxide, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite. Numerous studies have shown that RONS causes a variety biomolecular modifications including DNA damage.1 8-hydroxy guanine, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxy guanonsine, and 8-hydroxy guanosine are all RNA and DNA markers of oxidative damage. 8-hydroxy-2’-guanosine is produced by RONS including hydroxyl radical peroxynitrite. Specifically its high biological relevance is due to its ability to induce G to T transversions, which is one of the most frequent somatic mutations.2 8-hydroxy guanine has been the most frequently studied type of DNA base damage. Base modifications of this type arise from radical-induced hydroxylation and cleavage reactions of the purine ring.3,4 8-hydroxy guanosine, like 8-hydroxy-2’-guanosine, induces a mutagenic transversion of G to T in DNA. Its role has specifically been tested in the development of diabetes, hypertension, and stroke.5,6,7
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1
Kim, H.W., Murakami, A., Williams, M.V., et al. Mutagenicity of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as detected by co-culture of activated inflammatory leukocytes and AS52 cells. Carcinogenesis 24(2) 235-241 (2003).
2
Pilger, A., Rüdiger, H.W. 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine as a marker of oxidative DNA damage related to occupational environmental exposures. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 80(1) 1-15 (2006).
3
Malins, D.C., Haimanot, R. Major alterations in the nucleotide structure of DNA in cancer of the female breast. Cancer Res 51 5430-5432 (1991).
4
Kvam, E., Tyrrell, R.M. Artificial background and induced levels of oxidative base damage in DNA from human cells. Carcinogenesis 18(11) 2281-2283 (1997).
5
Kowluru, R.A., Atasi, L., Ho, Y. Role of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthamol Vis Sci 47 1594-1599 (2006).
6
Bowers, R., Cool, C., Murphy, R.C., et al. Oxidative stress in severe pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169 764-769 (2004).
7
Cui, J., Holmes, E.H., Greene, T.G., et al. Oxidative DNA damage precedes DNA fragmentation after experimental stroke in rat brain. FASEB J 14 955-967 (2000).
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