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PAD4 (human recombinant)

Cayman Chemical Item Number 10500

Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4; Protein Arginine Deiminase 4

PAD4 (human recombinant)

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Description

Source: active recombinant N-terminal His-tagged protein expressed in E. coli · Mr: 75.8 kDa · Protein Arginine Deiminases (PADs) are guanidino-modifying enzymes belonging to the amidinotransferase superfamily and are designated PAD1-4 and PAD6. All enzymes are cytosolic except for PAD4 which is localized in the nucleus.1 PAD4 is a homodimer that functions as a transcriptional coregulator to catalyze the conversion of specific arginine residues to citrulline in a calcium-dependent manner. PAD4 substrates include histones H2A, H3, and H4, whose post-translational modifications play a large role in gene regulation.2 Benzoylated arginine substrates like N-α-Benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) have proven to be useful tools for characterization of PAD4, having similar kinetic properties to the natural substrates.3 PAD4 itself can undergo autocitrullination at several sites which inhibit its enzymatic activity and may play an important role in regulating citrullination in cells.4 PAD4 activity is increased in rheumatoid arthritis, producing an abundance of citrulline-containing proteins that can be recognized by autoantibodies which cause the immune system to attack its own tissues.5 PAD4 has also been implicated in several other diseases including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, glaucoma, and cancer.2

1 Shirai, H., Blundell, T.L., and Mizuguchi, K. A novel superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the modification of guanidino groups. Trends Biochem Sci 26(8) 465-468 (2001).

2 Jones, J.E., Causey, C.P., Knuckley, B., et al. Protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4): Current understanding and future therapeutic potential. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 12(5) 616-627 (2009).

3 Kearney, P.L., Bhatia, M., Jones, N.G., et al. Kinetic characterization of protein arginine deiminase 4: A transcriptional corepressor implicated in the onset and progression of rheumatoid arthritis. Biochemistry 44 10570-10582 (2005).

4 Andrade, F., Darrah, E., Gucek, M., et al. Autocitrullination of human peptidylarginine deiminase 4 regulates protein citrullination during cell activation. Arthritis Rheum (2010).

5 Hill, J.A., Southwood, S., Sette, A., et al. Cutting edge: The conversion of arginine to citrulline allows for a high-affinity peptide interaction with the rheumatoid arthritis-associated HLA-DRB1*0401 MHC class II molecule. J Immunol 171 538-541 (2003).

Synonyms
  • Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4
  • Protein Arginine Deiminase 4
Formulation 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, containing 100 mM sodium chloride, 1 mM DTT, and 20% glycerol
Purity ≥95%
Stability 9 months
Storage -80°C
Shipping Dry ice in continental US; may vary elsewhere

Background Reading

Andrade, F., Darrah, E., Gucek, M., et al. Autocitrullination of human peptidylarginine deiminase 4 regulates protein citrullination during cell activation. Arthritis Rheum (2010).

Shirai, H., Blundell, T.L., and Mizuguchi, K. A novel superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the modification of guanidino groups. Trends Biochem Sci 26(8) 465-468 (2001).

Jones, J.E., Causey, C.P., Knuckley, B., et al. Protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4): Current understanding and future therapeutic potential. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 12(5) 616-627 (2009).

Kearney, P.L., Bhatia, M., Jones, N.G., et al. Kinetic characterization of protein arginine deiminase 4: A transcriptional corepressor implicated in the onset and progression of rheumatoid arthritis. Biochemistry 44 10570-10582 (2005).

Hill, J.A., Southwood, S., Sette, A., et al. Cutting edge: The conversion of arginine to citrulline allows for a high-affinity peptide interaction with the rheumatoid arthritis-associated HLA-DRB1*0401 MHC class II molecule. J Immunol 171 538-541 (2003).

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Size Price Quantity Subtotal
50 µg $144.00 $0.00
100 µg $274.00 $0.00
250 µg $648.00 $0.00
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Cart Total $0.00

This product is available in custom sizes and/or larger quantities.

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Pricing updated 2012-05-26. Prices are subject to change without notice.

To ask for assistance with one of our products please contact a Technical Support Scientist.

Warning This product is not for human or veterinary use.

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