PGE₂ is one of the primary COX products of arachidonic acid and one of the most widely investigated prostaglandins. Its activity influences inflammation, fertility and parturition, gastric mucosal integrity, and immune modulation.^1,2,3,4 The effects of PGE₂ are transduced by at least four distinct receptors designated EP₁, EP₂, EP₃, and EP₄.⁵ Affinity constants (K_d) of PGE₂ for these receptors range from 1-10 nM depending on the receptor subtype and tissue.

1 Willis, A.L., and Cornelsen, M. Repeated injection of prostaglandin E₂ in rat paws induces chronic swelling and a marked decrease in pain threshold. Prostaglandins 3 353-357 (1973).

2 Jackson, G.M., Sharp, H.T., and Varner, M.W. Cervical ripening before induction of labor: A randomized trial of prostaglandin E₂ gel versus low-dose oxytocin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171 1092-1096 (1994).

3 Robert, A., Schultz, J.R., Nezamis, J.E., et al. Gastric antisecretory and antiulcer properties of PGE₂, 15-methyl PGE₂, and 16,16-dimethyl PGE₂. Intravenous, oral and intrajejunal administration. Gastroenterology 70 359-370 (1976).

4 Arvind, P., Papavassiliou, E.D., Tsioulias, G.J., et al. Prostaglandin E₂ down-regulates the expression of HLA-DR antigen in human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines. Biochemistry 34 5604-5609 (1995).

5 Coleman, R.A., Smith, W.L., and Narumiya, S. Classification of prostanoid receptors: Properties, distribution, and structure of the receptors and their subtypes. Pharmacol Rev 46 205-229 (1994).

Kuno, S., Ueno, R., Hayaishi, O., et al. Prostaglandin E₂, a seminal constituent, facilitates the replication of acquired immune deficiency syndrome virus in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83 3487-3490 (1986).

Arvind, P., Papavassiliou, E.D., Tsioulias, G.J., et al. Prostaglandin E₂ down-regulates the expression of HLA-DR antigen in human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines. Biochemistry 34 5604-5609 (1995).

Jackson, G.M., Sharp, H.T., and Varner, M.W. Cervical ripening before induction of labor: A randomized trial of prostaglandin E₂ gel versus low-dose oxytocin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171 1092-1096 (1994).

Schweer, H., and Fischer, S. Negative ion chemical ionization and collisionally activated decomposition mass spectra of O-2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyloxime derivatives of prostaglandins. Biol Mass Spectrom 23 47-56 (1994).

Takasuka, M., Kishi, M., and Yamakawa, M. FTIR spectral study of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in thromboxane A₂ receptor agonist (U-46619), prostaglandin (PG)E₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, prostacyclin receptor agonist (carbacyclin), and their related compounds in dilute CCl4 solution: Structure-activity relationships. J Med Chem 37 47-56 (1994).

Weinreb, M., Suponitzky, I., and Keila, S. Systemic administration of an anabolic dose of PGE₂ in young rats increases the osteogenic capacity of bone marrow. Bone 20 521-526 (1997).

Wijkander, J., O'Flaherty, J.T., Nixon, A.B., et al. 5-Lipoxygenase products modulate the activity of the 85-kDa phospholipase A₂ in human neutrophils. J Biol Chem 270 26543-26549 (1995).

Stein, T.A., Angus, L., Borrero, E., et al. Picogram measurement of prostaglandin E₂ synthesis by gastric mucosa by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 385 377-382 (1987).

Hayaishi, O. Sleep-wake regulation by prostaglandins D₂ and E₂. J Biol Chem 263 14593-14596 (1988).

Miledi, R., and Woodward, R.M. Membrane currents elicited by prostaglandins, atrial natriuretic factor and oxytocin in follicle-enclosed Xenopus oocytes. J Physiol 416 623-643 (1989).

Grundmann, H., Hähnle, U., Hegenscheid, B., et al. Inhibition of endotoxin-induced macrophage tumor necrosis factor expression by a prostacyclin analogue and its beneficial effect in experimental lipopolysaccharide intoxication. J Infect Dis 165 501-505 (1992).

Willis, A.L., and Cornelsen, M. Repeated injection of prostaglandin E₂ in rat paws induces chronic swelling and a marked decrease in pain threshold. Prostaglandins 3 353-357 (1973).

Coleman, R.A., Smith, W.L., and Narumiya, S. Classification of prostanoid receptors: Properties, distribution, and structure of the receptors and their subtypes. Pharmacol Rev 46 205-229 (1994).

Robert, A., Schultz, J.R., Nezamis, J.E., et al. Gastric antisecretory and antiulcer properties of PGE₂, 15-methyl PGE₂, and 16,16-dimethyl PGE₂. Intravenous, oral and intrajejunal administration. Gastroenterology 70 359-370 (1976).

Gobbetti, A., Zerani, M., and Bellini-Cardellini, L. A possible role of prostaglandin E₂ in reproduction of the male water frog, in vivo and in vitro studies. Prostaglandins 44 277-289 (1992).

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Prostaglandin E2 is available in the following screening libraries:

• Prostaglandin Screening Library II (96-Well)
• Bio-active Lipid I Screening Library (96-Well)