Antigen: peroxynitrite-treated KLH · Host: mouse · Isotype: IgG2b · Application(s): WB, IHC, IP, and enzyme immunoassay · Nitric oxide (NO) is a product of the enzymatic conversion of arginine to citrulline by nitric oxide synthase. NO reacts rapidly with superoxide (6.7 x 109 M⁻¹sec⁻¹) to form peroxynitrite. At physiological pH and in the presence of transition metals, peroxynitrite undergoes heterolytic cleavage to form hydroxyl anion and nitronium ion, the latter of which nitrates protein tyrosine residues. Thus, the presence of nitrotyrosine on proteins can be used as a marker for peroxynitrite formation in vivo.^1,2 Nitrotyrosine has been shown to be present in proteins from a variety of clinical conditions including atherosclerotic lesions of human coronary arteries, postischemic heart, and placenta during preeclampsia.^3,4,5 Increased nitration of proteins in motor neurons has been identified in patients with ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and may be due to mutations in superoxide dismutase.^2,5,6,7,8

1 Beckman, J.S., Chen, J., Ischiropoulos, H., et al. Oxidative chemistry of peroxynitrite. Methods Enzymol 233 229-240 (1994).

2 Beckman, J.S., and Koppenol, W.H. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Am J Physiol 271 C1424-C1437 (1996).

3 Beckman, J.S., Ye, Y.Z., Anderson, P.G., et al. Extensive nitration of protein tyrosines in human atherosclerosis detected by immunohistochemistry. Biol Chem Hoppe-Seyler 375 81-88 (1994).

4 Wang, P., and Zweier, J.L. Measurement of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite generation in the postischemic heart. Evidence for peroxynitrite-mediated reperfusion injury. J Biol Chem 271 29223-29230 (1996).

5 Myatt, L., Rosenfield, R.B., Eis, A.L.W., et al. Nitrotyrosine residues in placenta. Evidence of peroxynitrite formation and action. Hypertension 28 488-493 (1996).

6 Abe, K., Pan, L., Watanabe, M., et al. Upregulation of protein-tyrosine nitration in the anterior horn cells of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurol Res 19 124-128 (1997).

7 Chou, S.M., Wang, H.S., and Komai, K. Colocalization of NOS and SOD1 in neurofilament accumulation within motor neurons of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: An immunohistochemical study. J Chem Neuroanat 10 249-258 (1996).

8 Ferrante, R.J., Shinobu, L.A., Schulz, J.B., et al. Increased 3-nitrotyrosine and oxidative damage in mice with a human copper/zinc superoxide dismutase mutation. Ann Neurol 42 326-334 (1997).

Beckman, J.S., Ye, Y.Z., Anderson, P.G., et al. Extensive nitration of protein tyrosines in human atherosclerosis detected by immunohistochemistry. Biol Chem Hoppe-Seyler 375 81-88 (1994).

Myatt, L., Rosenfield, R.B., Eis, A.L.W., et al. Nitrotyrosine residues in placenta. Evidence of peroxynitrite formation and action. Hypertension 28 488-493 (1996).

Beckman, J.S., Chen, J., Ischiropoulos, H., et al. Oxidative chemistry of peroxynitrite. Methods Enzymol 233 229-240 (1994).

Franze, T., Weller, M.G., Niessner, R., et al. Enzyme immunoassays for the investigation of protein nitration by air pollutants. Analyst 128 824-831 (2003).

Wang, P., and Zweier, J.L. Measurement of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite generation in the postischemic heart. Evidence for peroxynitrite-mediated reperfusion injury. J Biol Chem 271 29223-29230 (1996).

Chou, S.M., Wang, H.S., and Komai, K. Colocalization of NOS and SOD1 in neurofilament accumulation within motor neurons of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: An immunohistochemical study. J Chem Neuroanat 10 249-258 (1996).

Abe, K., Pan, L., Watanabe, M., et al. Upregulation of protein-tyrosine nitration in the anterior horn cells of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurol Res 19 124-128 (1997).

Ferrante, R.J., Shinobu, L.A., Schulz, J.B., et al. Increased 3-nitrotyrosine and oxidative damage in mice with a human copper/zinc superoxide dismutase mutation. Ann Neurol 42 326-334 (1997).

Beckman, J.S., and Koppenol, W.H. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Am J Physiol 271 C1424-C1437 (1996).

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