Limit of detection: 80% B/B₀: 11 pg/ml · Sensitivity: 50% B/B₀: 57 pg/ml · Thromboxane A₂ (TXA₂) is produced from arachidonic acid by many cells and causes irreversible platelet aggregation and vascular and bronchial smooth muscle contraction.^1,2,3 TXA₂, like most lipid mediators, is not a circulating hormone. It is formed in response to local stimuli and exerts its effects within a short distance of its biosynthesis. TXA₂ is rapidly hydrolyzed non-enzymatically to form TXB₂, which is then quickly metabolized (t1/2 = 5-7 minutes) to urinary metabolites for clearance by the kidneys.⁴ Because of the transient nature of this compound it is difficult to accurately measure circulating levels in whole-animal experimental models. In fact, it has been shown that plasma and urine levels of TXB₂ are primarily due to ex vivo platelet activation and intra-renal production, respectively.^4,5,6 Therefore, measurement of TXB₂ metabolites such as 11-dehydro TXB₂ (Item No. 519501) and 2,3-dinor TXB₂ (Item No. 519051) in urine and plasma may give better estimates of in vivo TXA₂ production.^7,8,9 TXB₂ measurement is better suited towards samples that are not expected to undergo extensive metabolism such as perfusates, lavage samples, tissue/cell culture, etc.

1 Hamberg, M., Svensson, J., and Samuelsson, B. Thromboxanes: A new group of biologically active compounds derived from prostaglandin endoperoxides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72 2994-2998 (1975).

2 Ellis, E.F., Oelz, O., Roberts, L.J., et al. Coronary arterial smooth muscle contraction by a substance released from platelets: Evidence that it is thromboxane A₂. Science 193 1135-1137 (1976).

3 Salzman, P.M., Salmon, J.A., and Moncada, S. Prostacyclin and thromboxane A₂ synthesis by rabbit pulmonary artery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 215 240-247 (1980).

4 Patrono, C., Ciabattoni, G., Pugliese, F., et al. Estimated rate of thromboxane secretion into the circulation of normal humans. J Clin Invest 77 590-594 (1986).

5 Patrono, C., Ciabattoni, G., Patrignani, P., et al. Evidence for a renal origin of urinary thromboxane B₂ in health and disease. Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot Res 11 493-498 (1983).

6 Samuelsson, B., Granström, E., Green, K., et al. Prostaglandins. Annu Rev Biochem 44 669-695 (1975).

7 Catella, F., Healy, D., Lawson, J.A., et al. 11-dehydro Thromboxane B₂: A quantitative index of thromboxane A₂ formation in the human circulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83 5861-5865 (1986).

8 Ciabattoni, G., Pugliese, F., Davi, G., et al. Fractional conversion of thromboxane B₂ to urinary 11-dehydrothromboxane B₂ in man. Biochim Biophys Acta 992 66-70 (1989).

9 Murphy, R.C., and Fitzgerald, G.A. Current approaches to estimation of eicosanoid formation in vivo. Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot Res 22 341-348 (1994).

Westcott, J.Y., Murphy, R.C., and Stenmark, K. Eicosanoids in human ventricular cerebrospinal fluid following severe brain injury. Prostaglandins 34 877-887 (1987).

Muscará, M.N., McKnight, W., Del Soldato, P., et al. Effect of a nitric oxide-releasing naproxen derivative on hypertension and gastric damage induced by chronic nitric oxide inhibition in the rat. Life Sci 62 235-240 (1998).

Lellouche, F., Fradin, A., FitzGerald, G., et al. Enzyme immunoassay measurement of the urinary metabolites of thromboxane A₂ and prostacyclin. Prostaglandins 40 297-310 (1990).

Johnson, R.D., Polakoski, K., Everson, W.V., et al. Aspirin induces increased expression of both prostaglandin H synthase-1 and prostaglandin H synthase-2 in cultured human placental trophoblast. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177 78-85 (1997).

Schierhorn, K., Zhang, M., Kacy, M., et al. Ozone-induced augmentation of eicosanoid metabolism in human nasal mucosa in vitro. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 113 312-315 (1997).

Janabi, N., Chabrier, S., and Tardieu, M. Endogenous nitric oxide activates prostaglandin F_2α production in human microglial cells but not in astrocytes. A study of interactions between eicosanoids, nitric oxide, and superoxide anion (O₂-) regulatory pathways. J Immunol 157 2129-2135 (1996).

Brock, T.G., McNish, R.W., Coffey, M.J., et al. Effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on eicosanoid production by mononuclear phagocytes. J Immunol 156 2522-2527 (1996).

Cott, G.R., Westcott, J.Y., and Voelkel, N.F. Prostaglandin and leukotriene production by alveolar type II cells in vitro. Am J Physiol 258 L179-L187 (1990).

Farman, N., Pradelles, P., and Bonvalet, J.P. PGE₂, PGF_2α, 6-keto-PGF_1α, and TXB₂ synthesis along the rabbit nephron. Am J Physiol 252 F53-F59 (1987).

Patrono, C., Ciabattoni, G., Pugliese, F., et al. Estimated rate of thromboxane secretion into the circulation of normal humans. J Clin Invest 77 590-594 (1986).

Ciabattoni, G., Pugliese, F., Davi, G., et al. Fractional conversion of thromboxane B₂ to urinary 11-dehydrothromboxane B₂ in man. Biochim Biophys Acta 992 66-70 (1989).

Tremblay, G.M., Israel-Assayag, E., Sirois, P., et al. Murine hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Evidences for the role of eicosanoids and platelet activating factor. Immunol Invest 22 341-352 (1993).

Maxey, K.M., Maddipati, K.R., and Birkmeier, J. Interference in enzyme immunoassays. J Clin Immunoassay 15 116-120 (1992).

Pradelles, P., Grassi, J., and Maclouf, J.A. Enzyme immunoassays of eicosanoids using acetylcholinesterase as label: An alternative to radioimmunoassay. Anal Chem 57 1170-1173 (1985).

Davidge, S.T., Baker, P.N., McLaughlin, M.K., et al. Nitric oxide produced by endothelial cells increases production of eicosanoids through activation of prostaglandin H synthase. Circ Res 77 274-283 (1995).

Silbaugh, S.A., Stengel, P.W., Cockerham, S.L., et al. Pulmonary actions of LY255283, a leukotriene B₄ receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 223 57-64 (1992).

Murphy, R.C., and Fitzgerald, G.A. Current approaches to estimation of eicosanoid formation in vivo. Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot Res 22 341-348 (1994).

Portanova, J.P., Zhang, Y., Anderson, G.D., et al. Selective neutralization of prostaglandin E₂ blocks inflammation, hyperalgesia, and interleukin 6 production in vivo. J Exp Med 184 883-891 (1996).

Marshall, L.A., Bolognese, B., Winkler, J.D., et al. Depletion of human monocyte 85-kDa phospholipase A₂ does not alter leukotriene formation. J Biol Chem 272 759-765 (1997).

Ko, F., Wu, C., Kuo, S., et al. YC-1, a novel activator of platelet guanylate cyclase. Blood 84 4226-4233 (1994).

Filep, J.G., Battistini, B., and Sirois, P. Pharmacological modulation of endothelin-induced contraction of guinea-pig isolated airways and thromboxane release. Br J Pharmacol 103 1633-1640 (1991).

Hong, J., and Lee, L. Cigarette smoke-induced bronchoconstriction: Causative agents and role of thromboxane receptors. J Appl Physiol 78 2260-2266 (1995).

Samuelsson, B., Granström, E., Green, K., et al. Prostaglandins. Annu Rev Biochem 44 669-695 (1975).

Hamberg, M., Svensson, J., and Samuelsson, B. Thromboxanes: A new group of biologically active compounds derived from prostaglandin endoperoxides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72 2994-2998 (1975).

Catella, F., Healy, D., Lawson, J.A., et al. 11-dehydro Thromboxane B₂: A quantitative index of thromboxane A₂ formation in the human circulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83 5861-5865 (1986).

Matsumoto, H., Naraba, H., Murakami, M., et al. Concordant induction of prostaglandin E₂ synthase with cyclooxygenase-2 leads to preferred production of prostaglandin E₂ over thromboxane and prostaglandin D₂ in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated rat peritoneal macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 230 110-114 (1997).

Bernareggi, M., Rossoni, G., and Berti, F. Bronchopulmonary effects of 8-epi-PGF_2α in anaesthetised guinea pigs. Pharmacol Res 37 75-80 (1998).

Ellis, E.F., Oelz, O., Roberts, L.J., et al. Coronary arterial smooth muscle contraction by a substance released from platelets: Evidence that it is thromboxane A₂. Science 193 1135-1137 (1976).

Salzman, P.M., Salmon, J.A., and Moncada, S. Prostacyclin and thromboxane A₂ synthesis by rabbit pulmonary artery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 215 240-247 (1980).

Berg, J., Christoph, T., Widerna, M., et al. Isoenzyme-specific cyclooxygenase inhibitors: A whole cell assay system using the human erythroleukemic cell line HEL and the human monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 37 179-186 (1997).

Patrono, C., Ciabattoni, G., Patrignani, P., et al. Evidence for a renal origin of urinary thromboxane B₂ in health and disease. Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot Res 11 493-498 (1983).

Oudot, F., Grynberg, A., and Sergiel, J.P. Eicosanoid synthesis in cardiomyocytes: Influence of hypoxia, reoxygenation, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Am J Physiol 268 H308-H315 (1995).

Li, J., Oliver, J.R., Lu, C., et al. Delayed thromboxane or tumor necrosis factor-α, but not leukotriene inhibition, attenuates prolonged pulmonary hypertension in endotoxemia. Am J Med Sci 310 103-110 (1996).

Bartoli, F., Lin, H., Ghomashchi, F., et al. Tight binding inhibitors of 85-kDa phospholipase A₂ but not 14-kDa phospholipase A₂ inhibit release of free arachidonate in thrombin-stimulated human platelets. J Biol Chem 269 15625-15630 (1994).

Maclouf, J., Grassi, J., and Pradelles, P. Development of enzyme-immunoassay techniques for the measurement of eicosanoids. 355-364 (1987).

Gurbel, P.A., Murugesan, S.R., Lowry, D.R., et al. Plasma thromboxane and prostacyclin are linearly related and increased in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 61 7-11 (1999).

Show all 36 Hide all but first 3