Limit of detection: ~3.9 pg/ml · Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a name for a family of proteins which include IL-α, IL-1β, ILra (interleukin receptor antagonist), and IL-18. IL-1α is synthesized as a 33 kDa (271 amino acid) pro-cytokine that is enzymatically cleaved by calpain into the active 159 amino acid, 17 kDa peptide.^1,2,3 IL-1α is produced by many cells types including macrophages, monocytes, astrocytes, keratinocytes, adipocytes, T-cells, and eosinophils.⁴ Although IL-1α and IL-1β exhibit only 26% amino acid identity,¹ they bind to the same cell-surface receptors, IL-1 RI and IL-1 RII, present on a variety of cell types involved in immune or inflammatory responses.^5,6,7 Normal production of IL-1 is critical for mediating host responses to infection and injury.^8,9 Disease states in which IL-1 actively participates include inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and shock, as well as atherosclerosis, allergy, and some types of cancer.^8,9 Cayman’s IL-1α (human) EIA Kit is an immunometric (i.e., sandwich) EIA that permits IL-1α measurements within the range of 0-250 pg/ml, typically with a limit of detection of ~3.9 pg/ml.

1 March, C.J., Mosley, B., Larsen, A., et al. Cloning, sequence and expression of two distinct human interleukin-1 complementary DNAs. Nature 315 641-647 (1985).

2 Kobayashi, Y., Yamamoto, K., Saido, T., et al. Identification of calcium-activated neutral protease as a processing enzyme of human interleukin 1α. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 5548-5552 (1990).

3 Watanabe, N., and Kobayashi, Y. Selective release of a processed form of interleukin 1α. Cytokine 6(6) 597-601 (1994).

4 Dinarello, C.A. Interleukin-1 and its biologically related cytokines. Adv Immunol 44 153-205 (1989).

5 Sims, J.E., March, C.J., Cosman, D., et al. cDNA expression cloning of the IL-1 receptor, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Science 241 585-589 (1988).

6 Sims, J.E., Acres, R.B., Grubin, C.E., et al. Cloning the interleukin 1 receptor from human T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86 8946-8950 (1989).

7 McMahan, C.J., Slack, J.L., Mosley, B., et al. A novel IL-1 receptor, cloned from B cells by mammaliam expression, is expressed in many cell types. EMBO J 10(10) 2821-2832 (1991).

8 Dinarello, C.A. Interleukin-1 and the pathogenesis of the acute-phase response. N Engl J Med 311 1413-1418 (1984).

9 Rosenwasser, L.J. Biologic activities of IL-1 and its role in human disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 102 344-350 (1998).

March, C.J., Mosley, B., Larsen, A., et al. Cloning, sequence and expression of two distinct human interleukin-1 complementary DNAs. Nature 315 641-647 (1985).

Watanabe, N., and Kobayashi, Y. Selective release of a processed form of interleukin 1α. Cytokine 6(6) 597-601 (1994).

McMahan, C.J., Slack, J.L., Mosley, B., et al. A novel IL-1 receptor, cloned from B cells by mammaliam expression, is expressed in many cell types. EMBO J 10(10) 2821-2832 (1991).

Dinarello, C.A. Interleukin-1 and the pathogenesis of the acute-phase response. N Engl J Med 311 1413-1418 (1984).

Rosenwasser, L.J. Biologic activities of IL-1 and its role in human disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 102 344-350 (1998).

Grassi, J., Frobert, Y., Pradelles, P., et al. Production of monoclonal antibodies against interleukin-1α and -1β. Development of two enzyme immunometric assays (EIA) using acetylcholinesterase and their application to biological media. J Immunol Methods 123 193-210 (1989).

Gruaz, D., Didierjean, L., Grassi, J., et al. Interleukin 1α and β in psoriatic skin: Enzymoimmunoassay, immunoblot studies, and effect of systemic retinoids. Dermatologica 179 202-206 (1989).

Grassi, J., Roberge, C.J., Frobert, Y., et al. Determination of IL1α, IL1β and IL2 in biological media using specific enzyme immunometric assays. Immunol Rev 119 125-142 (1991).

Maxey, K.M., Maddipati, K.R., and Birkmeier, J. Interference in enzyme immunoassays. J Clin Immunoassay 15 116-120 (1992).

Kobayashi, Y., Yamamoto, K., Saido, T., et al. Identification of calcium-activated neutral protease as a processing enzyme of human interleukin 1α. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 5548-5552 (1990).

Dinarello, C.A. Interleukin-1 and its biologically related cytokines. Adv Immunol 44 153-205 (1989).

Sims, J.E., March, C.J., Cosman, D., et al. cDNA expression cloning of the IL-1 receptor, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Science 241 585-589 (1988).

Sims, J.E., Acres, R.B., Grubin, C.E., et al. Cloning the interleukin 1 receptor from human T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86 8946-8950 (1989).

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