The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is the nuclear receptor responsible for transducing the therapeutic activity of the thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones are a group of structurally related synthetic PPARγ agonists with antidiabetic actions in vivo.1,2 Rosiglitazone (BRL 49653) is a prototypical thiazolidinedione and has served as a reference compound for this class.3 There are many PPARγ agonists, including 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 and azelaoyl PAF, which are naturally derived.4,5 However, only a few antagonists have been reported.6 GW 9662 blocks the PPARγ-induced differentiation of monocytes to osteoclasts by >90% at a dose of 0.1 µM.6 It is therefore a much more potent antagonist than BADGE, which is another reported PPARγ antagonist.7
1
Willson, T.M., Cobb, J.E., Cowan, D.J., et al. The structure-activity relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonism and the antihyperglycemic activity of thiazolidinediones. J Med Chem39665-668(1996).
2
Maxey, K.M., Hessler, E., MacDonald, J., et al. The nature and composition of 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat6215-21(2000).
3
Wright, H.M., Clish, C.B., Mikami, T., et al. A synthetic antagonist for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ inhibits adipocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem2751873-1877(2000).
4
Lehmann, J.M., Moore, L.B., Smith-Oliver, T.A., et al. An antidiabetic thiazolidinedione is a high affinity ligand for peroxisome proliferator-acivated receptor γ (PPARγ). J Biol Chem27012953-12956(1995).
5
Cantello, B.C.C., Cawthorne, M.A., Cottam, G.P., et al. [[ω-(Heterocyclylamino)alkoxy]benzyl]-2,4-thiazolidinediones as potent antihyperglycemic agents. J Med Chem373977-3985(1994).
6
Davies, S.S., Pontsler, A.V., Marathe, G.K., et al. Oxidized alkyl phospholipids are specific, high affinity peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligands and agonists. J Biol Chem27616015-16023(2001).
7
Bendixen, A.C., Shevde, N.K., Dienger, K.M., et al. IL-4 inhibits osteoclast formation through a direct action on osteoclast precursors via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA982443-2448(2001).
Formal Name
2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide
CAS Number
22978-25-2
Molecular Formula
C13H9ClN2O3
Formula Weight
276.7
Formulation
A crystalline solid
Purity
≥98%
λmax
261 nm
Stability
2 years
Storage
-20°C
Shipping
Room temperature
in continental US; may vary elsewhere
Willson, T.M., Cobb, J.E., Cowan, D.J., et al. The structure-activity relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonism and the antihyperglycemic activity of thiazolidinediones. J Med Chem39665-668(1996).
Maxey, K.M., Hessler, E., MacDonald, J., et al. The nature and composition of 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat6215-21(2000).
Wright, H.M., Clish, C.B., Mikami, T., et al. A synthetic antagonist for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ inhibits adipocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem2751873-1877(2000).
Lehmann, J.M., Moore, L.B., Smith-Oliver, T.A., et al. An antidiabetic thiazolidinedione is a high affinity ligand for peroxisome proliferator-acivated receptor γ (PPARγ). J Biol Chem27012953-12956(1995).
Cantello, B.C.C., Cawthorne, M.A., Cottam, G.P., et al. [[ω-(Heterocyclylamino)alkoxy]benzyl]-2,4-thiazolidinediones as potent antihyperglycemic agents. J Med Chem373977-3985(1994).
Davies, S.S., Pontsler, A.V., Marathe, G.K., et al. Oxidized alkyl phospholipids are specific, high affinity peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligands and agonists. J Biol Chem27616015-16023(2001).
Bendixen, A.C., Shevde, N.K., Dienger, K.M., et al. IL-4 inhibits osteoclast formation through a direct action on osteoclast precursors via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA982443-2448(2001).