12-Nitrolinoleate

12-Nitrolinoleate is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and a nitrated form of linoleic acid (Item Nos. 90150 | 90150.1 | 21909).¹ It is formed upon exposure to acidified nitrite and is found in human red blood cells and plasma.² 12-Nitrolinoleate induces PPARγ-dependent gene expression in a reporter assay using MCF-7 cells expressing human PPARγ (EC₅₀ = 0.045 µM). It inhibits LPS-induced secretion of IL-6, TNF-α, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) in THP-1 and RAW 264.7 macrophages when used at a concentration of 2.5 µM.³ 12-Nitrolinoleate inhibits LPS-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity in a reporter assay using RAW 264.7 macrophages and TNF-α-induced increases in vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). It increases the levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in primary human aortic endothelial cells when used at concentrations of 1, 5, or 10 µM.⁴

WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.

1. Alexander, R.L., Wright, M.W., Gorczynski, M.J., et al. Differential potencies of naturally occurring regioisomers of nitrolinoleic acid in PPARγ activation. Biochemistry 48(2), 492-498 (2009).

2. Baker, P.R.S., Schopfer, F.J., Sweeney, S., et al. Red cell membrane and plasma linoleic acid nitration products: Synthesis, clinical identification, and quantitation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101(32), 11577-11582 (2004).

3. Cui, T., Schopfer, F.J., Zhang, J., et al. Nitrated fatty acids: Endogenous anti-inflammatory signaling mediators. The Journal of Biological Chemisty 281(47), 35686-35698 (2006).

4. Wright, M.M., Schopfer, F.J., Baker, P.R., et al. Fatty acid transduction of nitric oxide signaling: Nitrolinoleic acid potently activates endothelial heme oxygenase 1 expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103(11), 4299-4304 (2006).