Tyrosine Hydroxylase (Phospho-Ser³¹) Polyclonal Antibody

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of the catecholamines dopamine and norepinephrine. TH antibodies can therefore be used as markers for dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons in a variety of applications including depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and drug abuse.^1,2,3 TH antibodies can also be used to explore basic mechanisms of dopamine and norepinephrine signalling.^4,5,6 The activity of TH is also regulated by phosphorylation.^7,8,9 Phospho-specific antibodies for the phosphorylation sites on TH can be used to great effect in studying this regulation and in identifying the cells in which TH phosphorylation occurs.

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1. Kish, S.J., Kalasinsky, K.S., Derkach, P., et al. Striatal dopaminergic and serotonergic markers in human heroin users. Neuropsychopharmacology 24(5), 561-567 (2001).

2. Zhu, M.-Y., Klimek, V., Haycock, J.W., et al. Quantitation of tyrosine hydroxylase protein in the locus coeruleus from postmortem human brain. J. Neurosci. Methods 99(1-2), 37-44 (2000).

3. Zhu, M.-Y., Klimek, V., Dilley, G.E., et al. Elevated levels of tyrosine hydroxylase in the locus coeruleus in major depression. Biol. Psychiatry 46(9), 1275-1286 (1999).

4. Witkovsky, P., Gabriel, R., Haycock, J.W., et al. Influence of light and neural circuitry on tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in the rat retina. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 19(2), 105-116 (2000).

5. Salvatore, M.F., Waymire, J.C., and Haycock, J.W. Depolarization-stimulated catecholamine biosynthesis: Involvement of protein kinases and tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation sites in situ. J. Neurochem. 79(2), 349-360 (2001).

6. Dunkley, P.R., Bobrovskaya, L., Graham, M.E., et al. Tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation: Regulation and consequences. J. Neurochem. 91(5), 1025-1043 (2004).

7. Haycock, J.W., Bennett, W.F., George, R.J., et al. Multiple site phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase. Differential regulation in situ by a 8-bromo-cAMP and acetylcholine. The Journal of Biological Chemisty 257(22), 13699-13703 (1982).

8. Haycock, J.W., Ahn, N.G., Cobb, M.H., et al. ERK1 and ERK2, two microtubule-associated protein 2 kinases, mediate the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase at serine-31 in situ. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89(6), 2365-2369 (1992).

9. Jedynak, J.P., Ali, S.F., Haycock, J.W., et al. Acute administration of cocaine regulates the phosphorylation of serine-19,-31 and -40 in tyrosine hydroxylase. J. Neurochem. 82(2), 382-388 (2002).