EP₄ Receptor (N-Term) Polyclonal Antiserum

Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) binds to four receptor subtypes: EP₁, EP₂, EP₃, and EP₄, which are all membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).^1,2,3 The EP₄ receptor was originally thought to be a subtype of the EP₂ receptor but was later found to be a distinct receptor with sequence differences.^4,5 It is expressed in many tissues, including the intestine, heart, kidney, lungs, and brain, and is also expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes and macrophages.³ The EP₄ receptor is coupled to Gα_s, and its activation increases intracellular cAMP levels leading to tissue-specific effects. It induces smooth muscle relaxation, angiogenesis, T cell expansion, osteoblast differentiation, and bone resorption and inhibits TNF-α production in monocytes and macrophages, among other activities. PTGER4, the gene encoding the EP₄ receptor, is overexpressed in a variety of cancers, and antagonism of the receptor in animal models inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis.⁶ In contrast, EP₄ receptor activation has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities in vitro and in animal models.^7,8 Cayman’s EP₄ Receptor (N-Term) Polyclonal Antibody can be used for Western blot (WB).

WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.

1. Narumiya, S., Sugimoto, Y., and Ushikubi, F. Prostanoid receptors: Structures, properties, and functions. Physiol. Rev. 79(4), 1193-1226 (1999).

2. Coleman, R.A., Eglen, R.M., Jones, R.L., et al. Classification of prostanoid receptors IUPHAR receptor compendium. IUPHAR Compendium 1-12 (1997).

3. Yokoyama, U., Iwatsubo, K., Umemura, M., et al. The prostanoid EP₄ receptor and its signaling pathway. Pharmacol. Rev. 65(3), 1010-1052 (2013).

4. Nishigaki, N., Negishi, M., Honda, A., et al. Identification of prostaglandin E receptor 'EP₂' cloned from mastocytoma cells as EP₄ subtype. FEBS Lett. 364(4), 339-341 (1995).

5. Regan, J.W., Bailey, T.J., Pepperl, D.J., et al. Cloning of a novel human prostaglandin receptor with characteristics of the pharmacologically defined EP₂ subtype. Mol. Pharmacol. 46(2), 213-220 (1994).

6. Ching, M.M., Reader, J., and Fulton, A.M. Eicosanoids in cancer: Prostaglandin E₂ receptor 4 in cancer therapeutics and immunotherapy. Front. Pharmacol. 11, 819 (2020).

7. Tang, E.H.C., Libby, P., Vanhoutte, P.M., et al. Anti-inflammation therapy by activation of prostaglandin EP₄ receptor in cardiovascular and other inflammatory diseases. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 59(2), 116-123 (2012).

8. Pradhan, S.S., Salinas, K., Garduno, A.C., et al. Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of PGE₂ EP₄ signaling in models of Parkinson’s disease. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 12(2), 292-304 (2017).