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Ingenol is a diterpenoid related to phorbol, derived from the milkweed plant E. peplus.1 It is a protein kinase C activator that displays a Ki value of 30 μM and an ED50 value of 27 μM in vitro.2,3 Most ingenol esters are tumor-promoting.4 However, ingenol mebutate possesses anti-tumor activity when used topically for actinic keratosis.5
WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.
1. Analysis of the phorbol ester pharmacophore on protein kinase C as a guide to the rational design of new classes of analogs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83(12), 4214-4218 (1986).
2. Specific binding to protein kinase C by ingenol and its induction of biological responses. Cancer Res. 52(1), 202-208 (1992).
3. Tumor promoting diterpenes from Euphorbia leuconeura L. Phytochemistry 51(2), 289-295 (1999).
4. Neuroprotective versus tumorigenic protein kinase C activators. Trends Biochem. Sci. 34(3), 136-145 (2009).
5. Ingenol mebutate gel for actinic keratosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 366(11), 1010-1019 (2012).