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all-trans Retinal is a natural retinoid that is derived from vitamin A. It is the oxidation product of all-trans retinol and associates with cellular retinol-binding protein-I (CRBP-I) and CRBP-II (Kds = 50 and 90 nM, respectively), which are involved in the intracellular transport of retinol.1 all-trans Retinal is also an intermediate of the phototransduction pathway of photoreceptors, including rhodopsin and bacterial opsins.2 As a chemically reactive aldehyde, all-trans retinal can form toxic conjugates with proteins and lipids, leading to degeneration of the retina.2
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1. Retinoid-
2. Key enzymes of the retinoid (visual) cycle in vertebrate retina. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1821(1), 137-151 (2012).