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Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a central second messenger in cell signaling, propagating signals from receptors to downstream pathways. It is generated from ATP by several adenylate cyclase enzymes, which are modulated by G protein-coupled receptors.1 cAMP activates protein kinase A and the exchange proteins activated by cAMP (Epac1 and Epac2), which are nucleotide exchange factors for the Rap family of GTPases.2,3 cAMP is degraded to AMP by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases.4
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1. G-
2. Physiological substrates of cAMP-
3. Rap-
4. Creating order from chaos: Cellular regulation by kinase anchoring. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 53, 187-210 (2013).