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Cyclic GMP (cGMP) is a second messenger that is biosynthesized from GTP by guanylate cyclases. Activators of guanylate cyclases include nitric oxide and natriuretic peptides.1 cGMP activates protein kinase G (PKG) and modulates ion channel conductance, with signaling affecting diverse processes including smooth muscle relaxation and proliferation, phototransduction, and energy homeostasis.1,2,3,4 The degradation of cGMP to GMP is mediated by specific and non-specific phosphodiesterases.5,6
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1. Guanylyl cyclases, nitric oxide, natriuretic peptides, and airway smooth muscle function. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 285(5), L973-L983 (2003).
2. Novel therapies for cyclic GMP control of vascular smooth muscle growth. Am.J.Ther. 15(6), 551-564 (2008).
3. Protein and signaling networks in vertebrate photoreceptor cells. Front.Mol.Neurosci. 8(67), (2015).
4. Antiobesity pharmacotherapy: New drugs and emerging targets. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 95(1), 53-66 (2014).
5. Future directions in phosphodiesterase drug discovery. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 22(22), 6794-6800 (2012).
6. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors: Current status and potential applications. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 1(9), 674-682 (2002).