Prodigiosin

Prodigiosin is a natural red bacterial pigment that has antibiotic, antitumor, and immunosuppressant properties.¹ It blocks T cell proliferation at a concentration of 30 ng/ml, by interfering with IL-2 receptor expression.² Prodigiosin induces apoptosis in cancer cells by diverse mechanisms and rescues deficient p53 signaling.^3,4,5 Prodigiosin derivatives can uncouple vacuolar H⁺-ATPase and inhibit osteoclast function.⁶ Prodigiosin is cytolytic against the red tide dinoflagellate Cochlodinium at very low concentrations (1 ppb), suggesting an application in controlling algal blooms.¹

WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.

1. Kim, D., Kim, J.F., Yim, J.H., et al. Red to red - the marine bacterium Hahella chejuensis and its product prodigiosin for mitigation of harmful algal blooms. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 18(10), 1621-1629 (2008).

2. Han, S.B., Park, S.H., Jeon, Y.J., et al. Prodigiosin blocks T cell activation by inhibiting interleukin-2Rα expression and delays progression of autoimmune diabetes and collagen-induced arthritis. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 299(2), 415-425 (2001).

3. Soto-Cerrato, V., Viñals, F., Lambert, J.R., et al. Prodigiosin induces the proapoptotic gene NAG-1 via glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity in human breast cancer cells. Mol. Cancer Ther. 6(1), 362-369 (2016).

4. Hong, B., Prabhu, V.V., Zhang, S., et al. Prodigiosin rescues deficient p53 signaling and antitumor effects via upregulating p73 and disrupting its interaction with mutant p53. Cancer Res. 74(4), 1153-1165 (2014).

5. Hosseini, A., Espona-Fiedler, M., Soto-Cerrato, V., et al. Molecular interactions of prodiginines with the BH₃ domain of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members. PLoS One 8(2), (2013).

6. Woo, J.T., Yonezawa, T., Cha, B.Y., et al. Pharmacological topics of bone metabolism: Antiresorptive microbial compounds that inhibit osteoclast differentiation, function, and survival. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 106(4), 547-554 (2008).