Chrysophanol

Chrysophanol is an anthraquinone that has been found in R. palmatum and has diverse biological activities.^1,2,3 It induces necrosis in J5 human liver cancer cells when used at concentrations of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 µM.² Chrysophanol (5, 10, and 50 µM) reduces LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂; Item No. 14010) and inhibits LPS-induced DNA oxidation in BV-2 microglia.³ In vivo, chrysophanol (5 mg/kg) decreases colonic levels of IL-6 and activation of NF-κB and reduces weight loss, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding in a mouse model of colitis induced by dextran sulfate (DSS; Item No. 23250).⁴ Chrysophanol (0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg) increases survival, reduces brain tissue loss, and ameliorates motor balance deficits in a mouse model of ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).⁵

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1. Qi, F.H., Wang, Z.X., Cai, P.P., et al. Traditional Chinese medicine and related active compounds: A review of their role on hepatitis B virus infection. Drug Discov. Ther. 7(6), 212-224 (2013).

2. Lu, C.-C., Yang, J.-S., Huang, A.-C., et al. Chrysophanol induces necrosis through the production of ROS and alteration of ATP levels in J₅ human liver cancer cells. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 54(7), 967-976 (2010).

3. Lin, F., Zhang, C., Chen, X., et al. Chrysophanol affords neuroprotection against microglial activation and free radical-mediated oxidative damage in BV2 murine microglia. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 8(3), 3447-3455 (2015).

4. Kim, S.-J., Kim, M.-C., Lee, B.-J., et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of chrysophanol through the suppression of NF-κB/caspase-1 activation in vitro and in vivo. Molecules 15(9), 6436-6451 (2010).

5. Zhao, Y., Fang, Y., Li, J., et al. Neuroprotective effects of chrysophanol against inflammation in middle cerebral artery occlusion mice. Neurosci. Lett. 630, 16-22 (2016).