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Marinobufagenin (MBG) is a bufadienolide steroid first isolated from toads of genus Bufo. It can also be excreted by mammalian cells, particularly kidney cells from hypertensive animals.1 MBG inhibits the ouabain-resistant α1 Na+/K+ ATPase subunit (IC50 = 78 nM), impairing a major sodium pump of the kidneys, resulting in natriuresis and arterial hypertension.1,2 Serum and urine levels of MBG are also elevated after cardiac infarction, and a reduced form of MBG, marinobufotoxin, occurs in the plasma of patients with terminal renal failure.3,2 Through its effects on the α1 Na+/K+ ATPase subunit, MBG has profound immediate and prolonged effects on kidney, heart, and vascular functions.2
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1. Marinobufagenin, an endogenous alpha-
2. Role of endogenous cardiotonic steroids in sodium homeostasis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 23(9), 2723-2729 (2008).
3. Endogenous cardiac glycosides, a new class of steroid hormones. Eur. J. Biochem. 269(10), 2440-2448 (2002).