Nomilin

Nomilin is a limonoid triterpenoid that has been found in grapefruit seeds and has diverse biological activities, including antiviral, antiproliferative, and anti-obesity properties.¹ It dose-dependently reduces HIV-1 replication in infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs; EC₅₀ = 52.2 μM) and reduces human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation, invasion, tube formation, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 activity without reducing cell viability when used at concentrations ranging from 5 to 25 µg/ml.^2,3 Nomilin (100 μM) increases luciferase activity 5.5-fold when the G protein-coupled receptor TGR5 is expressed in HEK293 cells with a TGR5-dependent reporter gene.⁴ It increases GST activity in the small intestinal mucosa, liver, and forestomach of mice by 4.17-, 3.44-, and 1.16-fold, respectively, when administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg.¹ Nomilin (0.2% w/w, p.o.) completely prevents weight gain and reduces serum glucose and insulin levels by 30 and 89.8%, respectively, in mice fed a high-fat diet.⁴ It also increases the white blood cell count and the specific antibody titer in blood by approximately 10-fold in mice in response to sheep red blood cells when administered at a dose of 10 μmol/kg.⁵

WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.

1. Lam, L., Li, Y., and Hasegawa, S. Effects of citrus limonoids on glutathione S-transferase activity in mice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 37(4), 878-880 (1989).

2. Battinelli, L., Mengoni, F., Lichtner, M., et al. Effect of limonin and nomilin on HIV-1 replication on infected human mononuclear cells. Planta Med. 69(10), 910-913 (2003).

3. Pratheeshkumar, P., and Kuttan, G. Nomilin inhibits tumor-specific angiogenesis by downregulating VEGF, NO and proinflammatory cytokine profile and also by inhibiting the activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 668(3), 450-458 (2011).

4. Ono, E., Inoue, J., Hashidume, T., et al. Anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic effects of the dietary citrus limonoid nomilin in mice fed a high-fat diet. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 410(3), 677-681 (2011).

5. Raphael, T.J., and Kuttan, G. Effect of naturally occurring triterpenoids glycyrrhizic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and nomilin on the immune system. Phytomedicine 10(6-7), 483-489 (2003).