GPR99 (C-Term) Polyclonal Antibody

GPR99 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that was originally identified as a purinergic receptor, P2Y15.^1,2 However, it is activated by leukotriene E₄ (LTE₄; Item No. 20410) in the low nanomolar range and by α-ketoglutarate in the high micromolar range.^3,4 It is found in the CNS, kidney, epididymis, and other tissues in the mouse, as well as in human kidney, nasal turbinates, and lung, among other tissues.^5,6 GPR99 knockout in mice prevents vascular leakage induced by LTE₄ and epithelial cell mucin release in mouse nasal mucosa induced by LTE₄ or A. alternata.³ In the kidney, under acid-base stress, it is involved with the regulation of carbonic acid and sodium chloride resorption through activation by α-ketoglutarate.⁵ GPR99 is also expressed in mouse retina, and axon growth is increased when it is activated by α-ketoglutarate in isolated mouse embryo retinal explants.⁷ Cayman’s GPR99 (C-Term) Polyclonal Antibody can be used for Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) applications. The antibody recognizes the C-terminus of GPR99 from human samples.

WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.

1. Wittenberger, T., Hellebrand, S., Munck, A., et al. GPR99, a new G protein-coupled receptor with homology to a new subgroup of nucleotide receptors. BMC Genomics 3:17, (2002).

2. Qi, A.D., Harden, T.K., and Nicholas, R.A. GPR80/99, proposed to be the P2Y15 receptor activated by adenosine and AMP, is not a P2Y receptor. Purinergic Signal. 1(1), 67-74 (2004).

3. Kanaoka, Y., Maekawa, A., and Austen, K.F. Identification of GPR99 protein as a potential third cysteinyl leukotriene receptor with a preference for leukotriene E₄ ligand. The Journal of Biological Chemisty 288(16), 10967-10972 (2013).

4. He, W., Miao, F.J., Lin, D.C., et al. Citric acid cycle intermediates as ligands for orphan G-protein-coupled receptors. Nature 429(6988), 188-193 (2004).

5. Diehl, J., Gries, B., Pfeil, U., et al. Expression and localization of GPR91 and GPR99 in murine organs. Cell Tissue Res. 364(2), 245-262 (2016).

6. Shirasaki, H., Kanaizumi, E., and Himi, T. Expression and localization of GPR99 in human nasal mucosa. Auris Nasus Larynx 44(2), 162-167 (2017).

7. Cherif, H., Duhamel, F., Cécyre, B., et al. Receptors of intermediates of carbohydrate metabolism, GPR91 and GPR99, mediate axon growth. PLoS Biol. 16(5), e2003619 (2018).