Thymosin α1 (human, mouse, rat, bovine)

Thymosin α1 is an immunomodulator peptide formed from the cleavage of prothymosin α.¹ Thymosin α1 inhibits the growth of 5TGM1 mouse and OPM-2, LP-1, and U266 human multiple myeloma cells in vitro but not in vivo.² It also increases CD3- and CD28-induced T cell proliferation in C57BL/KaLwRij splenocytes but not in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions using C57BL/KaLwRij and BALB/c splenocyte co-cultures when used at a concentration of 20 μM. Thymosin α1 also inhibits the growth and migration of H1299, NL9980, and L9981 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells that express high levels of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) but not of A549 and SPC-A-1 NSCLC cells that express low PD-L1 levels.³ It also decreases the number of metastatic lesions in a L9981, but not an A549, NSCLC mouse xenograft model when administered at a dose of 20 mg/kg per day. Thymosin α1 (200 μg/kg) increases indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) expression and IL-10 levels and decreases IL-1β and TNF-α production in the lung in a p.Phe508del mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR^{F508del/F508del}) mouse model of cystic fibrosis and chronic A. fumigatus infection.⁴

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1. Manrow, R.E., Leone, A., Krug, M.S., et al. The human prothymosin α gene family contains several processed pseudogenes lacking deleterious lesions. Genomics 13(2), 319-331 (1992).

2. Binsfeld, M., Hannon, M., Otjacques, E., et al. Impact of the immunomodulating peptide thymosin alpha 1 on multiple myeloma and immune recovery after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 64(8), 989-998 (2015).

3. Bo, C., Wu, Q., Zhao, H., et al. Thymosin α1 suppresses migration and invasion of PD-L1 high-expressing non-small-cell lung cancer cells via inhibition of STAT3-MMP2 signaling. Onco. Targets Ther. 11, 7255-7270 (2018).

4. Romani, L., Oikonomou, V., Moretti, S., et al. Thymosin α1 represents a potential potent single-molecule-based therapy for cystic fibrosis. Nat. Med. 23(5), 590-600 (2017).