Sphingolipid Mixture (bovine)

Galactosylceramides are glycosphingolipids that contain galactose attached to a ceramide containing an N-acyl hydroxy or non-hydroxy fatty acid. They are metabolic precursors to sulfatides, found primarily in nerve tissues, and are the main glycosphingolipids in the central nervous system.^1,2 Galactosylceramides are involved in a multitude of cellular processes, including cell agglutination, cellular signaling in glycosynapses, cellular development, and activation of T cells.^1,2,3 They accumulate in globoid cells in the brain of patients with Krabbe disease, a disorder characterized by a deficiency in galactosylcerebrosidase activity.² Sulfatides are primarily found in the myelin sheath of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, with smaller chain lengths predominant during development and longer chain lengths predominant in mature cells.⁴ They accumulate in the lysosome of patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a disorder characterized by arylsulfatase A deficiency.^5,6 Sphingomyelins are bioactive sphingolipids found in mammalian cell membranes.⁷ They make up 2-15% of the total organ phospholipid population but are found at higher concentrations in the brain and myelin sheaths surrounding peripheral nerves. Sphingolipid Mixture (bovine) contains bovine hydroxy- and non-hydroxy galactosylcerebrosides, sulfatides, and sphingomyelins. It is intended for use as a reference standard for the detection of these sphingolipids in various sample types by TLC or LC-MS. This mixture is supplied in an amber ampule in which the headspace has been purged with argon to prevent lipid oxidation. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1128]

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1. Boggs, J.M., Gao, W., Zhao, J., et al. Participation of galactosylceramide and sulfatide in glycosynapses between oligodendrocyte or myelin membranes. FEBS Lett. 584(9), 1771-1778 (2010).

2. Wenger, D.A., Rafi, M.A., and Luzi, P. Krabbe disease: One hundred years from the bedside to the bench to the bedside. J. Neurosci. Res. 94(11), 982-989 (2016).

3. Birkholz, A.M., Howell, A.R., and Kronenberg, M. The α and Ω of galactosylceramides in T cell immune function. The Journal of Biological Chemisty 290(25), 15365-15370 (2015).

4. Svennerholm, L., and Ställberg-Stenhagen, S. Changes in the fatty acid composition of cerebrosides and sulfatides of human nervous tissue with age. J. Lipid Res. 9(2), 215-225 (1968).

5. Saville, J.T., Smith, N.J.C., Fletcher, J.M., et al. Quantification of plasma sulfatides by mass spectrometry: Utility for metachromatic leukodystrophy. Anal. Chim. Acta 955, 79-85 (2017).

6. Takahashi, T., and Suzuki, T. Role of sulfatide in normal and pathological cells and tissues. J. Lipid Res. 53(8), 1437-1450 (2012).

7. Slotte, J.P., and Ramstedt, B. The functional role of sphingomyelin in cell membranes. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 109(10), 977-981 (2007).