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Choline is an essential nutrient with roles in liver, neurological, hematological, and skeletal muscle homeostasis.1,2,3,4 It is a precursor in the biosynthesis of membrane phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine, which facilitate cell signaling and transport across the membrane, and a precursor to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Choline is required for hepatic lipid transport.1 Perinatal administration of choline (18.8 mg/kg) improves prenatal alcohol exposure-induced cognitive deficits in rats.2 Choline (13 mg/animal per day) improves motor coordination and behavioral deficits in a mouse model of Rett syndrome, as well as improves deficits in recognition memory induced by early-life iron deficiency in rats when administered in the drinking water at a concentration of 5 ppm.3 Deficiencies in choline intake are positively correlated with muscle wasting, and dietary administration of choline (1,000 mg/kg) increases leg and breast muscle protein content in broiler chickens.4
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1. Choline: Dietary requirements and role in brain development. Nutr. Today 42(4), 181-186 (2007).
2. Perinatal choline supplementation attenuates behavioral alterations associated with neonatal alcohol exposure in rats. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 26(1), 35-45 (2004).
3. Choline, neurological development and brain function: A systematic review focusing on the first 1000 days. Nutrients 12(6), 1731 (2020).
4. Choline: An essential nutrient for skeletal muscle. Nutrients 12(7), E2144 (2020).