GM-CSF (human, recombinant)

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a secreted glycoprotein encoded by the CSF2 gene in humans that promotes the differentiation, proliferation, and function of a variety of progenitor or mature cells.^1,2 GM-CSF exists as a secreted, disulfide-linked monomer and is composed of four α-helices and two anti-parallel β-sheets that contain numerous glycosylation sites.² GM-CSF production is induced in a variety of cells, including macrophages, T cells, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, by stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, TNF-α, or IL-12, and is decreased by cell stimulation with the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 or IFN-γ.³ Binding of GM-CSF to the GM-CSF receptor, which is highly expressed on dendritic cells and their precursors, macrophages, and monocytes, promotes cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival and enhances several immunological functions, including chemotaxis, cytokine signaling, phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and pathogen killing.^1,4 GM-CSF-deficient mice exhibit increased accumulation of pulmonary surfactant and protein and have been used as a model of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.⁵ Neutralization of GM-CSF with a monoclonal antibody decreases joint cartilage destruction and TNF-α and IL-1β levels in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis.⁶ GM-CSF has been used to generate bone marrow-derived macrophages with a pro-inflammatory phenotype in vitro.³ Formulations containing GM-CSF have been used for myeloid cell reconstitution following chemotherapy. Cayman's GM-CSF (human, recombinant) protein can be used for cell-based assay applications. This protein consists of 127 amino acids, has a calculated molecular weight of 14.5 kDa, and a predicted N-terminus of Ala18 after signal peptide cleavage. By SDS-PAGE, under reducing conditions, the apparent molecular mass of the protein is approximately 23.8 kDa due to glycosylation.

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1. Becher, B., Tugues, S., and Greter, M. GM-CSF: From growth factor to central mediator of tissue inflammation. Immunity 45(5), 963-973 (2016).

2. Chiarini, R., Moran, O., and Revoltella, R.P. Identification of an antigenic domain near the C terminus of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and its spatial localization. The Journal of Biological Chemisty 279(36), 37908-37917 (2004).

3. Ushach, I., and Zlotnik, A. Biological role of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) on cells of the myeloid lineage. J. Leukoc. Biol. 100(3), 481-489 (2016).

4. Trapnell, B.C., and Whitsett, J.A. GM-CSF regulates pulmonary surfactant homeostasis and alveolar macrophage-mediated innate host defense. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 64, 775-802 (2002).

5. Dranoff, G., Crawford, A.D., Sadelain, M., et al. Involvement of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in pulmonary homeostasis. Science 264(5159), 713-716 (1994).

6. Cook, A.D., Braine, E.L., Campbell, I.K., et al. Blockade of collagen-induced arthritis post-onset by antibody to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF): Requirement for GM-CSF in the effector phase of disease. Arthritis Res. 3(5), 293-298 (2001).