VEGF-A 164 variant (mouse, recombinant)

VEGF-A is a member of the PDGF/VEGF family of growth factors that regulates development, proliferation, and maintenance of the vascular system.¹ Alternative splicing of Vegfa pre-mRNA leads to the formation of VEGF-A 164 variant (VEGF-164), an isoform of VEGF-A that contains two heparin binding domains that interact with VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, the VEGFR co-receptors neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and NRP2, and matrix-associated glycosaminoglycans.^2,3 VEGF-164 exists as a secreted or matrix-bound homodimer and is expressed in the brain, bone, eye, heart, lung, kidney and liver.^4,5 Transgenic overexpression of VEGF-164 in the podocytes of mice induces complete collapse of the glomerular capillary network and is perinatal lethal.⁶ Inhibition of VEGF-164 with a neutralizing aptamer inhibits leukocyte adhesion and neovascularization in the retina in a rat model of hyperoxia-induced proliferative retinopathy.⁷ Serum levels of the human homolog VEGF-165 are increased in patients with melanoma and positively correlated with metastasis.⁸ VEGF-165 levels are also increased in the serum, synovial fluid, and inflamed joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.⁹ Cayman's VEGF-A 164 variant (mouse, recombinant) protein can be used for cell-based assay applications. This protein consists of 164 amino acids, has a calculated molecular weight of 19.4 kDa, and a predicted N-terminus of Ala27 after signal peptide cleavage. By SDS-PAGE, under reducing conditions, the molecular weight of the protein is 24 kDa due to apparent post-translational modifications.

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3. Krilleke, D., DeErkenez, A., Schubert, W., et al. Molecular mapping and functional characterization of the VEGF164 heparin-binding domain. The Journal of Biological Chemisty 282(38), 28045-28056 (2007).

4. Carmeliet, P., Ng, Y.-S., Nuyens, D., et al. Impaired myocardial angiogenesis and ischemic cardiomyopathy in mice lacking the vascular endothelial growth factor isoforms VEGF164 and VEGF188. Nat. Med. 5(5), 495-502 (1999).

5. Yamamoto, H., Rundqvist, H., Branco, C., et al. Autocrine VEGF isoforms differentially regulate endothelial cell behavior. Front. Cell. Dev. Biol. 4, 99 (2016).

6. Eremina, V., Sood, M., Haigh, J., et al. Glomerular-specific alterations of VEGF-A expression lead to distinct congenital and acquired renal diseases. J. Clin. Invest. 111(5), 707-716 (2003).

7. Ishida, S., Usui, T., Yamashiro, K., et al. VEGF164-mediated inflammation is required for pathological, but not physiological, ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization. J. Exp. Med. 198(3), 483-489 (2003).

8. Osella-Abate, S., Quaglino, P., Savoia, P., et al. VEGF-165 serum levels and tyrosinase expression in melanoma patients: Correlation with the clinical course. Melanoma Res. 12(4), 325-334 (2002).

9. Yoo, S.-A., Kwok, S.-K., and Kim, W.-U. Proinflammatory role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: Prospects for therapeutic intervention. Mediators Inflamm. 129873 (2008).