(±)9-HEPE

(±)9-HEPE is a racemic mixture of the monohydroxy fatty acids 9(R)-HEPE and 9(S)-HEPE (Item No. 32410). It is produced by non-enzymatic oxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; Item Nos. 90110 | 21908 | 90110.1).¹ (±)9-HEPE (128 µM) induces peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), PPARγ, and PPARδ transactivation in NIH3T3 cells expressing the mouse receptors.² It reduces increases in the expression of the genes encoding inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages induced by palmitate, as well as inhibits palmitate-induced migration of isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages, when used at a concentration of 1 µM.³ (±)9-HEPE decreases hepatic triglyceride levels and plasma LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol levels in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis when administered in combination with (±)5-HEPE (Item No. 32200) and (±)17,18-EEQ ((±)17(18)-EpETE; Item No. 50861).

WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.

1. Fischer, R., Konkel, A., Mehling, H., et al. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids modulate the eicosanoid profile in man primarily via the CYP-epoxygenase pathway. J. Lipid Res. 55(6), 1150-1164 (2014).

2. Yamada, H., Oshiro, E., Kikuchi, S., et al. Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acids from the Pacific krill show high ligand activities for PPARs. J. Lipid Res. 55(5), 895-904 (2014).

3. Wang, C., Liu, W., Yao, L., et al. Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acids and epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids attenuate early occurrence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Br. J. Pharmacol. 174(14), 2358-2372 (2017).