Rubiadin-1 methyl ether

Rubiadin-1 methyl ether is an anthraquinone that has been found in Heterophyllaea pustulata and has diverse biological activities.^1,2,3,4 It generates superoxide radicals in isolated human neutrophils and monocytes when used at a concentration of 20 µg/ml, an effect that can be enhanced by UV radiation.¹ Rubiadin-1 methyl ether (0.1, 1, and 10 µM) inhibits M-CSF- and RANKL-induced differentiation of osteoclasts.² It inhibits C. tropicalis biofilm formation (MIC = 31.3 µg/ml for a clinical isolate).³ Rubiadin-1 methyl ether (30 mg/kg) reduces LPS-induced increases in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ in a mouse model of acute lung injury.⁴

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1. Montoya, S.C.N., Comini, L.R., Sarmiento, M., et al. Natural anthraquinones probed as Type I and Type II photosensitizers: Singlet oxygen and superoxide anion production. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 78(1), 77-83 (2005).

2. He, Y.-Q., Zhang, Q., Shen, Y., et al. Rubiadin-1-methyl ether from Morinda officinalis How. Inhibits osteoclastogenesis through blocking RANKL-induced NF-κB pathway. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 506(4), 927-931 (2018).

3. Marioni, J., da Silva, M.A., Cabrera, J.L., et al. The anthraquinones rubiadin and its 1-methyl ether isolated from Heterophyllaea pustulata reduces Candida tropicalis biofilms formation. Phytomedicine 23(12), 1321-1328 (2016).

4. Mohr, E.T.B., Nascimento, M.V.P.D.S., da Rosa, J.S., et al. Evidence that the anti-inflammatory effect of rubiadin-1-methyl ether has an immunomodulatory context. Mediators Inflamm. 6474168 (2019).