Thioredoxin 2 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody (Clone 054)

Thioredoxin 2 (Trx2) is a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase and part of the antioxidant thioredoxin system that is involved in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis.¹ It is ubiquitously expressed, with the highest levels of expression in metabolically active tissues such as the heart, skeletal muscle, testis, kidney, adrenal gland, and brain, and is localized to the mitochondria.^2,3 Trx2 contains two active site cysteine residues, but lacks the additional structural cysteines present in Trx1 that participate in dimerization.⁴ During the catalytic cycle, the active site cysteines are oxidized to a disulfide upon reduction of oxidized protein disulfide substrates and are subsequently restored to their reduced state by thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and NADPH.¹ Trx2 is upregulated by TNF-α and reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation, and inhibits apoptosis through redox-sensitive binding and regulation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1).^5,6 Homozygous disruption of the gene encoding Trx2, Txn2, causes exencephaly and is embryonic lethal in mice.⁷ Trx2 deficiency is associated with premature neurodegeneration.⁸ Cayman’s Thioredoxin 2 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody (Clone 054) can be used for immunohistochemistry (IHC).

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1. Miranda-Vizuete, A., Damdimopoulos, A.E., and Spyrou, G. The mitochondrial thioredoxin system. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2(4), 801-810 (2000).

2. Spyrou, G., Enmark, E., Miranda-Vizuete, A., et al. Cloning and expression of a novel mammalian thioredoxin. The Journal of Biological Chemisty 272(5), 2936-2941 (1997).

3. Rybnikova , E., Damdimopoulos, A.E., Gustafsson, J.A., et al. Expression of novel antioxidant thioredoxin-2 in the rat brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12(5), 1669-1678 (2000).

4. Smeets, A., Evrard, C., Landtmeters, M., et al. Crystal structures of oxidized and reduced forms of human mitochondrial thioredoxin 2. Protein Sci. 14(10), 2610-2621 (2005).

5. Hansen, J.M., Zhang, H., and Jones, D.P. Mitochondrial thioredoxin-2 has a key role in determining tumor necrosis factor-α-induced reactive oxygen species generation, NF-κB activation, and apoptosis. Toxicol. Sci. 91(2), 643-650 (2006).

6. Zhang, R., Al-Lamki, R., Bai, L., et al. Thioredoxin-2 inhibits mitochondria-located ASK1-mediated apoptosis in a JNK-independent manner. Circ. Res. 94(11), 1483-1491 (2004).

7. Nonn, L., Williams, R.R., Erickson, R.P., et al. The absence of mitochondrial thioredoxin 2 causes massive apoptosis, exencephaly, and early embryonic lethality in homozygous mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23(3), 916-922 (2003).

8. Holzerova , E., Danhauser, K., Haack, T.B., et al. Human thioredoxin 2 deficiency impairs mitochondrial redox homeostasis and causes early-onset neurodegeneration. Brain 139(Pt. 2), 346-354 (2016).