Ganglioside G_M1 Monoclonal Antibody (Clone DG2)

Ganglioside G_M1 is a monosialylated ganglioside and the prototypic ganglioside for those containing one sialic acid residue.^1,2 It is found in a large variety of cells, including immune cells and neurons, and is enriched in lipid rafts in the cell membrane.³ It associates with growth factor receptors, including TrkA, TrkB, and the GDNF receptor complex containing Ret and GFRα, and is required for TrkA expression on the cell surface. Ganglioside G_M1 interacts with other proteins to increase calcium influx, affecting various calcium-dependent processes, including inducing neuronal outgrowth during differentiation. Ganglioside G_M1 acts as a receptor for cholera toxin, which binds to its oligosaccharide group, facilitating toxin cell entry into epithelial cells of the jejunum.^4,5 Similarly, it is bound by the heat-labile enterotoxin from E. coli in the pathogenesis of traveler's diarrhea.⁶ Ganglioside G_M1 sensitizes inactivated T cells to TNF-α-induced apoptosis and induces apoptosis of activated T cells even in the absence of TNF-α.⁷ Ganglioside G_M1 is found at higher levels on T cells isolated from patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) compared with T cells from patients without cancer. Levels of ganglioside G_M1 are decreased in the substantia nigra pars compacta in postmortem brain tissues from patients with Parkinson's disease.³ Ganglioside G_M1 gangliosidosis, characterized by a deficiency in ganglioside G_M1-β-galactosidase, the enzyme that degrades ganglioside G_M1, leads to accumulation of the gangliosides G_M1 and G_A1 in neurons and can be fatal in infants.¹ Cayman's Ganglioside G_M1 Monoclonal Antibody (Clone DG2) binds to Ganglioside G_M1 (porcine brain) (Item No. 19579) with k_a, k_d, and K_D values of 2,280 M^-1s^-1, 0.00353 s^-1, and 1.81 µM, respectively, as determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). It can be used for dot blot, ELISA, immunofluorescence (IF), and TLC immunostaining applications.

WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.

1. Kolter, T. Ganglioside biochemistry. ISRN Biochem. 506160 (2012).

2. Mocchetti, I. Exogenous gangliosides, neuronal plasticity and repair, and the neurotrophins. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 62(19-20), 2283-2294 (2005).

3. Ledeen, R.W., and Wu, G. The multi-tasked life of GM1 ganglioside, a true factotum of nature. Trends Biochem. Sci. 40(7), 407-418 (2015).

4. Turnbull, W.B., Precious, B.L., and Homans, S.W. Dissecting the cholera toxin-ganglioside GM1 interaction by isothermal titration calorimetry. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126(4), 1047-1054 (2004).

5. Blank, N., Schiller, M., Krienke, S., et al. Cholera toxin binds to lipid rafts but has a limited specificity for ganglioside GM1. Immunol. Cell Biol. 85(5), 378-382 (2007).

6. Minke, W.E., Roach, C., Hol, W.G., et al. Structure-based exploration of the ganglioside GM1 binding sites of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin and cholera toxin for the discovery of receptor antagonists. Biochemistry 38(18), 5684-5692 (1999).

7. Das, T., Sa, G., Hilston, C., et al. GM1 and tumor necrosis factor-ɑ, overexpressed in renal cell carcinoma, synergize to induce T-cell apoptosis. Cancer Res. 68(6), 2014-2023 (2008).