TNF-β (human, recombinant)

TNF-β, also known as lymphotoxin-α (LT-α), is a cytokine and member of the TNF and TNF receptor (TNFR) cytokine superfamily.¹ It is produced as an N-glycosylated peptide that forms soluble bell-shaped homotrimers after signal peptide cleavage.^2,3 TNF-β also forms cell surface-anchored heterotrimers with TNF-C, also known as lymphotoxin-β (LT-β).³ It is expressed in T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and B cells, as well as macrophages. When secreted, TNF-β homotrimers bind to TNF-α receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNFR2 while TNF-β-LT-β heterotrimers bind to the LT-β receptor.^1,4,2 Through activation of these receptors, TNF-β is involved in lymphoid organ development and maintenance, host defense, and inflammatory processes.^3,1 TNF-β induces proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes isolated from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and levels of TNF-β are increased in the serum and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.⁵ SNPs in LTA, the gene encoding TNF-β in humans, are associated with various diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and cancer.^6,7 Cayman’s TNF-β (human, recombinant) protein can be used for cellular activity assays. The protein was synthesized from a DNA sequence encoding the mature form of human TNF-β (Leu35-Leu205) with an N-terminal translation-initiating methionine (Met1). The expressed protein consists of 172 amino acids, has a calculated molecular weight of 18.8 kDa, and a predicted N-terminus of Met1.

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1. Medvedev, A.E., Espevik, T., Ranges, G., et al. Distinct roles of the two tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors in modulating TNF and lymphotoxin alpha effects. The Journal of Biological Chemisty 271(16), 9778-9784 (1996).

2. Idriss, H.T., and Naismith, J.H. TNFα and the TNF receptor superfamily: Structure-function relationship(s). Microsc. Res. Tech. 50(3), 184-195 (2000).

3. Calmon-Hamaty, F., Combe, B., Hahne, M., et al. Lymphotoxin α revisited: General features and implications in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res. Ther. 13(4), 232 (2011).

4. Hirose, T., Fukuma, Y., Takeshita, A., et al. The role of lymphotoxin-α in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflamm. Res. 67(6), 495-501 (2018).

5. Calmon-Hamaty, F., Combe, B., Hahne, M., et al. Lymphotoxin α stimulates proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. Cytokine 53(2), 207-214 (2011).

6. Zhang, C., Zhao, M.-Q., Liu, J., et al. Association of lymphotoxin alpha polymorphism with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis: A meta-analysis. Int. J. Rheum. Dis. 18(4), 398-407 (2015).

7. Huang, Y., Yu, X., Wang, L., et al. Four genetic polymorphisms of lymphotoxin-alpha gene and cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 8(12), e82519 (2013).