Spinosin

Spinosin is a C-glycoside flavonoid that has been found in Z. spinosa and has diverse biological activities.^1,2,3,4 It reduces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in Neuro2a cells when used at a concentration of 25 µM.² It also reduces H₂O₂-induced activation of p38 MAPK, increases in amyloid-β (1-42) (Aβ42) levels, and phosphorylation of tau at serine 396 (Ser³⁹⁶), but not Ser¹⁹⁹ or Ser²⁰², in Neuro2a cells. Spinosin increases the percentage of time spent on the open arms of the elevated plus maze in mice when administered at doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg.³ It also reverses scopolamine-induced decreases in the time spent in the target quadrant of the Morris water maze in mice at 10 and 20 mg/kg.⁴ Spinosin prolongs pentobarbital-induced sleeping time in unstressed mice at 100 mg/kg and cold-stressed mice at 50 mg/kg.¹

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1. Kawashima, K., Miyako, D., Saito, K.-I., et al. Interaction between 3,4,5,-trimethoxycinnamic acid and spinosin on pentobarbital-induced sleeping time in mice. J. Trad. Med. 20, 220 (2003).

2. Xu, F., Zhang, X., Wang, J., et al. Spinosin protects N2a cells from H₂O₂ -induced neurotoxicity through inactivation of p38MAPK. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 72(11), 1607-1614 (2020).

3. Liu, J., Zhai, W.M., Yang, Y.X., et al. GABA and 5-HT systems are implicated in the anxiolytic-like effect of spinosin in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 128, 41-49 (2015).

4. Jung, I.H., Lee, H.E., Park, S.J., et al. Ameliorating effect of spinosin, a C-glycoside flavonoid, on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 120, 88-94 (2014).