Vitamin K₃-d₃

Vitamin K₃-d₃ is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of vitamin K₃ (Item No. 15950) by GC- or LC-MS. Vitamin K₃ is a synthetic form of vitamin K.¹ It is an inhibitor of human tissue transglutaminase 2 (TGM2; IC₅₀ = 2.2 µM). Vitamin K₃ induces cell death in six neuroblastoma cell lines (IC₅₀s = 3.18-7.09 µM), as well as human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs; IC₅₀s = 6.1 and 18.05, respectively).² It decreases proliferation and inhibits migration in a wound healing assay in primary conjunctival fibroblasts when used at concentrations of 2, 4, or 6 mg/L.³ Vitamin K₃ (200 µM) reduces the levels of glutathione (GSH) and increases the levels of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and oxidized NADPH in isolated rat hepatocytes.⁴

WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.

1. Lai, T.-S., Liu, Y., Tucker, T., et al. Identification of chemical inhibitors to human tissue transglutaminase by screening existing drug libraries. Chem. Biol. 15(9), 969-978 (2008).

2. Kitano, T., Yoda, H., Tabata, K., et al. Vitamin K₃ analogs induce selective tumor cytotoxicity in neuroblastoma. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 35(4), 617-623 (2012).

3. Pinilla, I., Izaquirre, L.B., Gonzalvo, F., et al. In vitro vitamin K₃ effect on conjunctival fibroblast migration and proliferation. ScientificWorldJournal 2014, (2014).

4. Gant, T.W., Rao, D.N., Mason, R.P., et al. Redox cycling and sulphydryl arylation; their relative importance in the mechanism of quinone cytotoxicity to isolated hepatocytes. Chem. Biol. Interact. 65(2), 157-173 (1988).