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CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) is an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease that is part of the bacterial and archaeal CRISPR/CRISPR-Cas system, which provides immune defense against viruses and plasmids.1 It is composed of nuclease (NUC) and recognition (REC) lobes connected by an arginine-rich bridge helix (BH).2 The NUC lobe contains one HNH and three RuvC endonuclease domains and a protospacer-adjacent motif-interacting domain (PAM-interacting domain), while the REC lobe contains three recognition domains involved in Cas9 RNA- and DNA binding. Cas9 is involved in the type II CRISPR/Cas system that uses CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) to guide Cas9 to foreign DNA, where it introduces double-stranded breaks in a site-specific manner.1 The CRISPR/Cas9 system, with and without modifications to Cas9, has been harnessed to edit genomes in vitro and in vivo.3,4 Cayman's Cas9 (serotype M1) (S. pyogenes, recombinant; His-tagged, 3xNLS) protein contains an N-terminal nuclear localization signal (NLS), two C-terminal NLSs, and a C-terminal His tag, consists of 1,407 amino acids, and has a calculated molecular weight of 163 kDa. By SDS-PAGE, under reducing conditions, the apparent molecular mass of the protein is approximately 140 kDa, which may be due to faster migration from compact folding or glycosylation effects.
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1. A programmable dual-
2. Coordinated actions of Cas9 HNH and RuvC nuclease domains are regulated by the bridge helix and the target DNA sequence. Biochemistry 60(49), 3783-3800 (2021).
3. CRISPR/Cas9 therapeutics: Progress and prospects. Signal Transduct. Target Ther. 8(1), 36 (2023).
4. Challenges and opportunities in the application of CRISPR-