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CA11 is a telomeric guanine-quadruplex (G-quadruplex) ligand.1 It binds to G-quadruplexes (Kd = 5.8 µM), increases the melting temperature of dimeric telomeric G-quadruplexes by 12.1°C at 10 µM, and inhibits Bloom syndrome protein (BLM) and G4 resolvase 1 (G4R1), also known as DEAH-box helicase 36 (DHX36), binding to telomeric G-quadruplex DNA. CA11 inhibits the proliferation of HCT116 colon cancer cells (IC50 = 0.4 µM). It increases the levels of Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1), telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA), cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS), STING, and LC3B, indicating induction of telomere crisis and autophagy. CA11 (20 and 40 mg/kg) decreases tumor volume and weight and increases intratumoral T cell and M1-polarized macrophage infiltration in an MC-38 murine colon carcinoma model.
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1. An orally available telomeric G‑quadruplex ligand induces telomere crisis and dual DNA/RNA-