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C6 ceramide is a cell-permeable analog of naturally occurring ceramides. With a longer carbon chain than C2 ceramide, it is somewhat more hydrophobic, and may more closely mimic the effects of natural ceramides.1 C6 ceramide mediates many diverse biological activities including apoptosis,2 activation of protein phosphatase 2A,1,3 and inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.4 It also enhances the expression of COX-2 in rat granulosa cells5 and stimulates the growth of bovine aortic smooth muscle cells.6 C6 ceramide acts in neuronal axons to inhibit neurite growth.7
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1. Ceramide stimulates a cytosolic protein phosphatase. The Journal of Biological Chemisty 267(8), 5048-5051 (1992).
2. Alteration of the sphingomyelin/ceramide pathway is associated with resistance of human breast carcinoma MCF7 cells to tumor necrosis factor-
3. Ceramide activates heterotrimeric protein phosphatase 2A. The Journal of Biological Chemisty 268(21), 15523-15530 (1993).
4. Direct inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III by cell-
5. Interleukin-
6. The sphingomyelin-
7. Elevation of ceramide within distal neurites inhibits neurite growth in cultured rat sympathetic neurons. The Journal of Biological Chemisty 272(4), 2038-3035 (1997).