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Primary resources used to collate this guide

General Linker Metabolism

Diao, X. and Huestis, M.A. New synthetic cannabinoids metabolism and strategies to best identify optimal marker metabolites. Front. Chem. 7:109 (2019).

Franz, F., Jechle, H., Wilde, M., et al. Structure-metabolism relationships of valine and tert-leucine-derived synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists: A systematic comparison of the in vitro phase I metabolism using pooled human liver microsomes and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol. 37, 316-329 (2019).

Gamage, T.F., Farquhar, C.E., McKinnie, R.J., et al. Synthetic Cannabinoid hydroxypentyl metabolites retain efficacy at human cannabinoid receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 368(3), 414-422 (2019).

Amide-Linked Head Groups

AKB48

Gandhi, A.S., Zhu, M., Pang, S., et al. First characterization of AKB-48 metabolism, a novel synthetic cannabinoid, using human hepatocytes and high-resolution mass spectrometry. AAPS J. 15(4), 1091-1098 (2013).

Wallgren, J., Vikingsson, S., Johansson, A., et al. Synthesis and identification of an important metabolite of AKB-48 with a secondary hydroxyl group on the adamantyl ring. Tetrahedron Lett. 58(15), 1456-1458 (2017).

AB-CHMINACA

Erratico, C., Negreira, N., Norouziziadeh, H., et al. In vitro and in vivo human metabolism of the synthetic cannabinoid AB‐CHMINACA. Drug Test Anal. 7(10), 866-876 (2015).

Ester-Linked Head Groups

5-fluoro PB-22

Minakata, K., Hasegawa, K., Yamagishi, I., et al. Sensitive quantification of 5F-PB-22 and its three metabolites 5F-PB-22 3-carboxyindole, PB-22 N-5-hydroxypentyl and PB-22 N-pentanoic acid in authentic urine specimens obtained from four individuals by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol. 36, 151-159 (2018).

BB-22

Minakata, K., Hasegawa, K., Nozawa, H., et al. Sensitive quantification of BB-22 and its metabolite BB-22 3-carboxyindole, and characterization of new metabolites in authentic urine and/or serum specimens obtained from three individuals by LC–QTRAP-MS/MS and high-resolution LC–Orbitrap-MS/MS. Forensic Toxicol. 37(1), 164-173 (2019).

Carbonyl-Linked Head Groups

AM2201 and JWH 018

Hutter, M., Broecker, S., Kneisel, S., et al. Metabolism of nine synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists encountered in clinical casework: Major in vivo phase I metabolites of AM-694, AM-2201, JWH-007, JWH-019, JWH-203, JWH-307, MAM-2201, UR-144 and XLR-11 in human urine using LC-MS/MS. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 19(2), 144-162 (2018).

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