Autotaxin Polyclonal Antibody

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an extracellular signaling lipid that evokes multiple biological functions including induction of platelet aggregation, smooth muscle contraction, and stimulation of cell proliferation and chemotaxis.¹ Lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) was first discovered in 1999 as the enzyme responsible for generating LPA from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC).² It was later revealed to be identical to an autocrine motility factor, autotaxin (ATX), which plays a role in tumor progression and metastasis.^3,4 LysoPLD/ATX mRNA is widely expressed with highest levels found in brain, ovary, lung, intestine, and testis.^5,6 Rat lysoPLD is composed of 885 amino acids with an estimated molecular weight of 101 kDa. The protein is reported to be heavily glycosylated and thus its apparent size on SDS-PAGE may be run as high as 125 kDa.⁷ Useful positive controls include cerecrospinal fluid, mouse ascites, or seminal plasma.

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1. Ishii, I., Fukushima, N., Ye, X., et al. Lysophospholipid receptors: Signaling and biology. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 73, 321-354 (2004).

2. Tokumura, A., Majima, E., Kariya, Y., et al. Identification of human lysophospholipase D, a lysophosphatidic acid-producing enzyme, as autotaxin, a multifunctional phosphodiesterase. The Journal of Biological Chemisty 277(42), 39436-39442 (2002).

3. Umezu-Goto, M., Kishi, Y., Tairia, A., et al. Autotaxin has lysophospholipase D activity leading to tumor cell growth and motility by lysophosphatidic acid production. J. Cell Biol. 158, 227-233 (2005).

4. Sun, Y.X., Tsubio, K., Okamoto, Y., et al. Biosynthesis of anandamide and N-palmitoylethanolamide by sequential actions of phospholipase A₂ and lysophosphase D. J. Biochem. 380(Pt 3), 749-755 (2004).

5. van Leeuwen, F.N., Giepmanst, B.N.G., van Meeteren, L.A., et al. Lysophosphatidic acid: Mitogen and motility factor. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 31, 1209-1212 (2003).

6. Murata, J., Lee, H.Y., Clair, T., et al. cDNA cloning of the human tumor motility-stimulationg protein, autotaxin, reveals a homology with phosphodiesterases. The Journal of Biological Chemisty 269(48), 30479-30484 (1994).

Datta, P., Zhang, Y., Parousis, A., et al. High-fat diet-induced acceleration of osteoarthritis is associated with a distinct and sustained plasma metabolite signature. Sci. Rep. 7(1), 8205 (2017).

Iyer, P., Lalane, R., III, Morris, C., et al. Autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid axis is a novel molecular target for lowering intraocular pressure. PLoS One 7(8), e42627 (2012).

Fotopoulou, S., Oikonomou, N., Grigorieva, E., et al. ATX expression and LPA signalling are vital for the development of the nervous system. Dev. Biol. 339(2), 451-464 (2010).