Verruculogen

Verruculogen is a tremorgenic mycotoxin isolated from species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, and other fungi.^1,2 It selectively inhibits the activation of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (K_Ca1.1/BK) potassium channels by charybdotoxin with a K_1/2 value of 170 nM.³ Verruculogen also promotes the release of excitatory neurotransmitters when injected directly into the brain of rats and, at high doses, arrests mouse mammary carcinoma cells in M phase of the cell cycle (MIC = 12.2 μM).^4,5

WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.

1. Cole, R.J., Kirksey, J.W., Moore, J.H., et al. Tremorgenic toxin from Penicillium veruculosum. Appl. Microbiol. 24(2), 248-250 (1972).

2. Abad, A., Fernández-Molina, J.V., Bikandi, J., et al. What makes Aspergillus fumigatus a successful pathogen? Genes and molecules involved in invasive aspergillosis. Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 27(4), 155-182 (2010).

3. Knaus, H.G., McManus, O.B., Lee, S.H., et al. Tremorgenic indole alkaloids potently inhibit smooth muscle high-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Biochemistry 33(19), 5819-5828 (1994).

4. Peterson, D.W., Bradford, H.F., and Mantle, P.G. Actions of a tremorgenic mycotoxin on amino acid transmitter release in vivo. Biochem. Pharmacol. 31(17), 2807-2810 (1982).

5. Cui, C.B., Kakeya, H., Okada, G., et al. Novel mammalian cell cycle inhibitors, tryprostatins A, B and other diketopiperazines produced by Aspergillus fumigatus. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and biological properties. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 49(6), 527-533 (1996).