Genistein-d₄

Genistein-d₄ is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of genistein (Item No. 10005167) by GC- or LC-MS. Genistein is an isoflavonoid phytoestrogen that has been found in soybeans (G. max/S. hispida) and has kinase inhibitory, anticancer, pro-cancer, hepatoprotective, and antiviral properties.¹ It inhibits the tyrosine kinases EGFR, pp50^v-Src, and pp110^gag-fes (IC₅₀ = 6, 7-8, and 6.5 µg/ml, respectively) and decreases EGF-induced serine, threonine, and tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR in A431 cells when used at a concentration of 20 µg/ml.² Genistein inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells, including Bel 7402 hepatocellular carcinoma cells when used at a concentration of 10 µg/ml.^1,3 It reduces tumor invasion and angiogenesis in a Bel 7402 mouse subrenal capsule xenograft model when administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg per day.³ However, when administered at the same dose on postnatal days 1-5, genistein increases the incidence of uterine adenocarcinoma in a mouse model of cancer induced by the estrogen receptor agonist diethylstilbestrol (DES; Item No. 10006876).⁴ It reduces lipid accumulation and inflammation in the liver of ovariectomized (OVX) and non-OVX female rats in a model of high-fat high-fructose diet-induced nonalcoholic hepatosteatosis (NASH) when administered at a dose of 16 mg/kg per day.⁵ Genistein (10 µM) also inhibits HIV-1 DNA synthesis in resting CD4⁺ T cells.⁶

WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.

1. Spagnuolo, C., Russo, G.L., Orhan, I.E., et al. Genistein and cancer: Current status, challenges, and future directions. Adv. Nutr. 6(4), 408-419 (2015).

2. Akiyama, T., Ishida, J., Nakagawa, S., et al. Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinases. The Journal of Biological Chemisty 262(1), 5592-5595 (1987).

3. Gu, Y., Zhu, C.-F., Iwamoto, H., et al. Genistein inhibits invasive potential of human hepatocellular carcinoma by altering cell cycle, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. World J. Gastroenterol. 11(41), 6512-6517 (2005).

4. Newbold, R.R., Banks, E.P., Bullock, B., et al. Uterine adenocarcinoma in mice treated neonatally with genistein. Cancer Res. 61(11), 4325-4328 (2001).

5. Pummoung, S., Werawatganon, D., Klaikeaw, N., et al. Genistein-attenuated hepatic steatosis and inflammation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with bilateral ovariectomized rats. Pharmacogn. Mag. 14(55), 20-24 (2018).

6. Guo, J., Xu, X., Rasheed, T.K., et al. Genistein interferes with SDF-1- and HIV-mediated actin dynamics and inhibits HIV infection of resting CD4 T cells. Retrovirology 10, 62 (2013).