Bikinin

Bikinin is an inhibitor of several ASK isoforms when given at a concentration of 10 µM.¹ After bikinin treatment, residual kinase activity was less than 10% for ASKα, γ, ε, ζ, η, ι, and 20% for ASKθ, while isoforms β and δ were not affected. Bikinin has little or no direct effect on a wide range of other kinases.¹ By inhibiting ASKs, bikinin activates signaling induced by the brassinosteroid, brassinolide.¹ Bikinin blocks the phosphorylation of SnRK2.3 by ASKη (also known as BIN2), upregulating signaling through abscisic acid (Item No. 10073).² Bikinin has been used to study the role of ASK-modulated brassinosteroid signaling in wheat and in viral infection of plants.^3,4,5

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1. De Rybel, B., Audenaert, D., Vert, G., et al. Chemical inhibition of a subset of Arabidopsis thaliana GSK3-like kinases activates brassinosteroid signaling. Chem. Biol. 16(6), 594-604 (2009).

2. Cai, Z., Liu, J., Wang, H., et al. GSK3-like kinases positively modulate abscisic acid signaling through phosphorylating subgroup III SnRK2s in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111(26), (2014).

3. Bittner, T., Nadler, S., Schulze, E., et al. Two homolog wheat glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinases are involved in brassinosteroid signaling. BMC Plant Biol. 15:247, (2015).

4. Mills-Lujan, K., Andrews, D.L., Chou, C.W., et al. The roles of phosphorylation and SHAGGY-like protein kinases in geminivirus C₄ protein induced hyperplasia. PLoS One 10(3), (2015).

5. Deng, X.G., Zhu, T., Peng, X.J., et al. Role of brassinosteroid signaling in modulating Tobacco mosaic virus resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Sci. Rep. 6:20579, (2016).