SPM E-series MaxSpec^® LC-MS Mixture

This mixture contains an E-series resolvin (specialized pro-resolving mediator; SPM) and its precursors, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; Item No. 90110) and (±)18-HEPE (Item No. 32840). The mixture is supplied in an amber ampule in which the headspace has been purged with argon to prevent lipid oxidation. This product has been designed for direct use in LC-MS applications. The solution may be serially diluted for preparation of calibrators and QC standards and/or used directly as a system suitability standard or tuning standard. After opening, we recommend that the mixture be transferred immediately to a 1 ml glass screw cap vial, to prevent solvent evaporation, and stored at -20°C. The mixture should be discarded after multiple freeze/thaw cycles.

The fatty acids in this mixture represent the metabolic cascade of the E-series resolvins. Resolvin E1 (Item No. 10007848) has been postulated to be an anti-inflammatory metabolite of EPA by way of an 18-HEPE intermediate.¹ It has been identified in mouse inflammatory exudates and in human plasma when subjects are treated with both aspirin (Item No. 70260) and supplemental EPA.^2,3,4 Resolvin E1 has been shown to promote inflammatory resolution in numerous disease models, including experimental colitis, asthma, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and HSV-1-induced stromal keratitis.^{5,6,7,8,9,10,11}

WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.

1. Flower, R.J., and Perretti, M. Controlling inflammation: A fat chance? J. Exp. Biol. 201(5), 671-674 (2005).

2. Serhan, C.N., Clish, C.B., Brannon, J., et al. Novel functional sets of lipid-derived mediators with antiinflammatory actions generated from omega-3 fatty acids via cyclooxygenase 2-nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and transcellular processing. J. Exp. Med. 192(8), 1197-1204 (2000).

3. Serhan, C.N., Hong, S., Gronert, K., et al. Resolvins: A family of bioactive products of ω-3 fatty acid transformation circuits by aspirin treatment that counter proinflammation signals. J. Exp. Med. 196(8), 1025-1037 (2002).

4. Arita, M., Bianchini, F., Aliberti, J., et al. Sterochemical assignment, antiinflammatory properties, and receptor for the omega-3 lipid mediator resolvin E1. J. Exp. Med. 201(5), 713-722 (2005).

5. Arita, M., Yoshida, M., Hong, S., et al. Resolvin E1, an endogenous lipid mediator derived from omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid, protects against 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102(21), 7671-7676 (2005).

6. Aoki, H., Hisada, T., Ishizuka, T., et al. Resolvin E1 dampens airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of asthma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 367(2), 509-515 (2008).

7. Haworth, O., Cernadas, M., and Levy, B.D. NK cells are effectors for resolvin E1 in the timely resolution of allergic airway inflammation. J. Immunol. 186(11), 6129-6135 (2011).

8. Campbell, E.K., MacManus, C.F., Kominsky, D.J., et al. Resolvin E1-induced intestinal alkaline phosphatase promotes resolution of inflammation through LPS detoxification. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107(32), 14298-14303 (2010).

9. Hasturk, H., Abdallah, R., Kantarck, A., et al. Resolvin E1 (RvE1) attenuates atherosclerotic plaque formation in diet and inflammation-induced atherogenesis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 35(5), 1123-1133 (2015).

10. Herrera, N.S., Hasturk, H., Kantarck, A., et al. Impact of resolvin E1 on murine neutrophil phagocytosis in type 2 diabetes. Infect. Immun. 83(2), 792-801 (2015).

11. Rajasagi, N.K., Reddy, P.B.J., Suryawanshi, A., et al. Controlling herpes simplex virus-induced ocular inflammatory lesions with the lipid-derived mediator resolvin E1. J. Immunol. 186(3), 1735-1746 (2011).