Syringin

Syringin is a phenylpropanoid glycoside first isolated from A. senticosus that enhances acetylcholine release in pancreatic cells leading to an increase in insulin release through the muscarinic M₃ receptor.^1,2 Syringin dose-dependently (50, 75, and 100 µg/kg, i.v.) decreases plasma glucose levels and increases insulin-like immunoreactivity and C-peptide in rats, and these effects last at least 60 minutes. In a rat model of type 1 diabetes, it decreases plasma glucose and increases β-endorphin release from the adrenal medulla.³ Syringin increases autophagy through AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) activation concomitant with preventing the progression of cardiac hypertrophy in mice following aortic banding.⁴ It also has immunomodulatory effects, likely due to its metabolite sinapyl alcohol.⁵

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1. Rao, U.S.M., Zin, T., Abdurrazak, M., et al. Chemistry and pharmacology of syringin, a novel bioglycoside: A review. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 8(3), 20-25 (2015).

2. Liu, K.Y., Wu, Y.-C., Liu, I.-M., et al. Release of acetylcholine by syringin, an active principle of Eleutherococcus senticosus, to raise insulin secretion in Wistar rats. Neurosci. Lett. 434(2), 195-199 (2008).

3. Niu, H.-S., Hsu, F.-L., Liu, I.-M., et al. Increase of β-endorphin secretion by syringin, an active principle of Eleutherococcus senticosus, to produce antihyperglycemic action in type 1-like diabetic rats. Horm. Metab. Res. 39(12), 894-898 (2007).

4. Li, F., Zhang, N., Wu, Q., et al. Syringin prevents cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload through the attenuation of autophagy. Int. J. Mol. Med. 39(1), 199-207 (2017).

5. Choi, J., Shin, K.-M., Park, H.-J., et al. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of sinapyl alcohol and its glucoside syringin. Planta Med. 70(11), 1027-1032 (2004).