Nicotinamide riboside

Nicotinamide riboside is a riboside form of nicotinamide (Item No. 11127) that is found in trace amounts in yeast-containing and milk-derived products.¹ It is a precursor of NAD⁺ (Item No. 16077) and a source of vitamin B₃ (niacin). Nicotinamide riboside increases intracellular and mitochondrial NAD⁺ content in C2C12, Hepa1.6, and HEK293 cells in a concentration-dependent manner at concentrations ranging from 1-1,000 μM.² It also decreases acetylation of FOXO1 and SOD2, which are substrates of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and SIRT3, respectively, but not the SIRT2 substrate tubulin, indicating nicotinamide riboside selectively enhances SIRT1 and 3 deacetylase activity. Nicotinamide riboside (400 mg/kg per day) increases NAD⁺ levels in liver and skeletal muscle and prevents body weight gain in mice fed a high-fat diet. It also increases NAD⁺ in the cerebral cortex and reduces cognitive deterioration in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease.³

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1. Chi, Y., and Sauve, A.A. Nicotinamide riboside, a trace nutrient in foods, is a vitamin B₃ with effects on energy metabolism and neuroprotection. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 15(6), 657-661 (2013).

2. Cantó, C., Houtkooper, R.H., Pirinen, E., et al. The NAD⁺ precursor nicotinamide riboside enhances oxidative metabolism and protects against high-fat diet-induced obesity. Cell Metab. 15(6), 838-847 (2012).

3. Gong, B., Pan, Y., Vempati, P., et al. Nicotinamide riboside restores cognition through an upregulation of proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α regulated β-secretase 1 degradation and mitochondrial gene expression in Alzheimer’s mouse models. Neurobiol. Aging 34(6), 1581-1588 (2013).

Heden, T.D., Chow, L.S., Hughey, C.C., et al. Regulation and role of glycophagy in skeletal muscle energy metabolism. Autophagy 18(5), 1078-1089 (2022).