Lysophosphatidylinositol (porcine liver) (sodium salt)

Lysophosphatidylinositols (LPIs) are bioactive lysophospholipids formed via phospholipase A₁ (PLA₁) or PLA₂ catabolism of phosphatidylinositol (Item No. 24523).¹ They are produced in a variety of cells including human platelets, endothelial cells, and neutrophils and are found in the central and peripheral nervous system.² LPIs containing stearic acid (Item No. 10011298) are the primary form found in rat brain followed by LPIs containing arachidonic acid (Item Nos. 90010 | 10006607), and both are agonists of the G protein-coupled receptor GPR55, with 2-arachidonoyl LPI having higher activity than 2-stearoyl LPI.¹ LPIs also induce exocytotic release of insulin by pancreatic islet cells and intracellular calcium mobilization in a variety of cells, as well as increase ERK1/2, Akt, and p38 phosphorylation via GPR55 activation.^3,2 LPIs accumulate in transformed cell lines due to increased PLA₂ activity and blood levels are higher in patients with ovarian or peritoneal cancers compared with healthy controls.^1,2 This product contains lysophosphatidylinositol molecular species with variable fatty acyl chain lengths at the sn-1 position and a hydroxy group in the sn-2 position.

WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.

1. Yamashita, A., Oka, S., Tanikawa, T., et al. The actions and metabolism of lysophosphatidylinositol, an endogenous agonist for GPR55. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 107, 103-116 (2013).

2. Piñeiro, R., and Falasca, M. Lysophosphatidylinositol signalling: New wine from an old bottle. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1821(4), 694-705 (2012).

3. Metz, S.A. Lysophosphatidylinositol, but not lysophosphatidic acid, stimulates insulin release. A possible role for phospholipase A₂ but not de novo synthesis of lysophospholipid in pancreatic islet function. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 138(2), 720-727 (1986).