Xanthotoxol

Xanthotoxol is a coumarin and a major component in C. monnieri that has diverse biological activities.^1,2,3,4,5 It inhibits proliferation of HeLa and HepG2 cells in vitro (IC₅₀s = 23.59 and 15.57 μM, respectively).¹ Xanthotoxol increases histamine release from mast cells and decreases secretion of TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-1β from RBL-2H3 cells induced by DNP-human serum albumin (DNP-HSA).² It is nematocidal against M. incognita (IC₅₀ = 68 mg/L).³ In vivo, xanthotoxol inhibits predatory mouse and rat killing behavior in dogs and cats when administered at doses ranging from 3 to 100 mg/kg and 5 to 20 mg/kg, respectively.⁴ It reduces amphetamine-induced hypermobility in mice and hamsters. Xanthotoxol (5 and 10 mg/kg) reduces brain edema, neutrophil infiltration, blood-brain barrier disruption, production of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, and nitric oxide (NO), and levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and E-selectin in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia.⁵

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1. Bai, Y., Li, D., Zhou, T., et al. Coumarins from the roots of Angelica dahurica with antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. J. Funct. Foods 20, 453-462 (2016).

2. Li, D., and Wu, L. Coumarins from the roots of Angelica dahurica cause anti-allergic inflammation. Exp. Ther. Med. 14(1), 874-880 (2017).

3. Caboni, P., Saba, M., Oplos, C., et al. Nematicidal activity of furanocoumarins from parsley against Meloidogyne spp. Pest. Manag. Sci. 71(8), 1099-1105 (2015).

4. Sethi, O.P., Anand, K.K., and Gulati, O.D. Evaluation of xanthotoxol for central nervous system activity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 36(3), 239-247 (1992).

5. He, W., Chen, W., Zhou, Y., et al. Xanthotoxol exerts neuroprotective effects via suppression of the inflammatory response in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 33(5), 715-722 (2013).