1-Hydroxyphenazine

1-Hydroxyphenazine is a phenazine pigment and virulence factor produced by P. aeruginosa.^1,2 It increases production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in RAW 264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner.² 1-Hydroxyphenazine (≥1.55 and ≥3.12 μM) increases release of elastase and myeloperoxidase (MPO), respectively, by human neutrophils activated with N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP; Item No. 21495) and cytochalasin B (Item No. 11328).¹ It reduces ciliary beat frequency in isolated guinea pig tracheal rings, resulting in ciliary dyskinesia by 1 hour when used at concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 μM and ciliary stasis by 5 hours at 50 and 100 μM.³ 1-Hydroxyphenazine reduces tracheal mucus velocity in anesthetized guinea pigs when administered as a 100 or 200 ng bolus dose. It is also active against the plant pathogenic fungi F. graminearum, P. grisea, A. solani, F. oxysporium, and S. sclerotiorum (MICs = 2-50 μg/ml).⁴

WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.

1. Ramafi, G., Anderson, R., Theron, A., et al. Exposure of N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine-activated human neutrophils to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa-derived pigment 1-hydroxyphenazine is associated with impaired calcium efflux and potentiation of primary granule enzyme release. Infect. Immun. 67(10), 5157-5162 (1999).

2. Sinha, S., Shen, X., Gallazzi, F., et al. Generation of reactive oxygen species mediated by 1‑hydroxyphenazine, a virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 28(2), 175-181 (2015).

3. Munro, N.C., Barker, A., Rutman, A., et al. Effect of pyocyanin and 1-hydroxyphenazine on in vivo tracheal mucus velocity. J. Appl. Physiol. 67(1), 316-323 (1985).

4. Luo, Q., Hu, H., Peng, H., et al. Isolation and structural identification of two bioactive phenazines from Streptomyces griseoluteus P510. Chin. J. Chem. Eng. 23(4), 699-703 (2015).