VEGF-D (human, recombinant)

VEGF-D is a member of the PDGF/VEGF family of growth factors that promotes angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis.¹ VEGF-D exists as a secreted homodimer composed of a central VEGF homology domain containing the receptor binding region that is flanked by N- and C-terminal propeptides, which are proteolytically cleaved by furin and ADAMTS3 or plasmin to generate the mature, active protein.^2,3 VEGF-D is produced by macrophages, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and tumor cells and VEGFD expression is dependent on FOS expression and decreased by stimulation with IL-1β.^4,5,6 Binding of VEGF-D to its receptors, VEGFR2 and VEGFR3, which are expressed by endothelial cells, stimulates the survival, migration, and proliferation of endothelial cells and promotes lymphatic and vascular vessel growth and remodeling.¹ VEGF-D induces proliferation and chemotaxis in KS-IMM cancer cells and stimulates growth and capillary-like structure formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).⁵ Vegfd^-/- mice, unlike Vegfc^-/- mice, are viable and have a functional lymphatic system, indicating that VEGF-D is dispensable for its development.⁷ Tumor VEGF-D levels are increased in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma and positively correlated with lymph node metastasis, poor prognosis, and decreased 10-year survival.⁸ Cayman's VEGF-D (human, recombinant) protein can be used for cell-based assays applications. This protein consists of 120 amino acids and has a calculated molecular weight of 13.6 kDa. By SDS-PAGE, under reducing conditions, the apparent molecular mass of the protein is approximately 20 to 22 kDa due to glycosylation.

WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.

1. Stacker, S.A., and Achen, M.G. Emerging roles for VEGF-D in human disease. Biomolecules 8(1), (2018).

2. Rauniyar, K., Jha, S.K., and Jeltsch, M. Biology of vascular endothelial growth factor C in the morphogenesis of lymphatic vessels. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 6, 7 (2018).

3. Krebs, R., and Jeltsch, M. The lymphangiogenic growth factors VEGF-C and VEGF-D Part 1: Basic principles and embryonic development. Lymphologie in Forschung und Praxis 17(1), 30-37 (2013).

4. El-Chemaly, S., Pacheco-Rodriguez, G., Malide, D., et al. Nuclear localization of vascular endothelial growth factor-D and regulation of c-Myc–dependent transcripts in human lung fibroblasts. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 51(1), 34-42 (2013).

5. Marconcini, L., Marchio, Z., Morbidelli, L., et al. c-fos-induced growth factor vascular endothelial growth factor D induces angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96(17), 9671-9676 (1999).

6. Mountain, D.J.H., Singh, M., and Singh, K. Downregulation of VEGF-D expression by interleukin-1β in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells is mediated by MAPKs and PKCɑ/β1. J. Cell Physiol. 215(2), 337-343 (2008).

7. Baldwin, M.E., Halford, M.M., Roufail, S., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor D Is dispensable for development of the lymphatic system. Mol. Cell Biol. 25(6), 2441-2449 (2005).

8. Yokoyama, Y., Charnock-Jones, D.S., Licence, D., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor-D is an independent prognostic factor in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer 88(2), 238-244 (2003).