Cornuside

Cornuside is a bisiridoid glycoside that has been found in C. officinalis and has diverse biological activities.^1,2,3,4 It induces osteogenic differentiation of isolated human bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) when used at concentrations of 10, 30, and 60 µM.¹ In vivo, cornuside (150 mg/kg) reduces demyelination, focal inflammation, and T helper 17 (Th17) cell spinal cord infiltration, as well as improves neurological deficits in a rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).² Cornuside (0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg) decreases mortality, vascular instability, and pulmonary leukocyte infiltration in a mouse model of cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis.³ It also reduces polydipsia and polyphagia, lowers fasting blood glucose levels, prevents testicular cell apoptosis, and decreases the abundance of Weissella, Clostridium, Anaerotruncus, and Bilophila in the gut microbiome in KK/Ay diabetic mice.⁴

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1. Gao, F., Xia, S.-L., Wang, X.-H., et al. Cornuside I promoted osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 16(1), 397 (2021).

2. Zhang, R., Liu, J., Xu, B., et al. Cornuside alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting Th17 cell infiltration into the central nervous system. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 22(5), 421-430 (2021).

3. Kim, N., Kim, C., Ryu, S.H., et al. Anti-septic functions of cornuside against HMGB1-mediated severe inflammatory responses. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23(4), 2065 (2022).

4. Liu, L., Shu, A., Zhu, Y., et al. Cornuside alleviates diabetes mellitus-induced testicular damage by modulating the gut microbiota. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 5301942 (2021).