Palmitic Acid-d₉

Palmitic acid-d₉ is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of palmitic acid (Item No. 10006627) by GC- or LC-MS. Palmitic acid is a common 16-carbon saturated fat that represents 10-20% of human dietary fat intake and comprises approximately 25 and 65% of human total plasma lipids and saturated fatty acids, respectively.^1,2 Acylation of palmitic acid to proteins facilitates anchoring of membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer and trafficking of intracellular proteins, promotes protein-vesicle interactions, and regulates various G protein-coupled receptor functions.¹ Palmitic acid (200 µM) increases NF-ĸB p65 levels, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cells, as well as increases migration of AsPC-1 cells.³ It increases COX-2 levels in RAW 264.7 cells and increases LPS-induced IL-1β levels and caspase-1 activity in isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages.^4,5 Dietary administration of palmitic acid (2.2% w/w for 12 weeks) increases mouse hippocampal β-secretase 1 (BACE1) activity and amyloid-β (1-42) (Aβ42; Item No. 20574) levels.⁶ It also induces systolic contractile dysfunction in isolated mouse hearts.⁷ Red blood cell palmitic acid levels are increased in patients with metabolic syndrome compared to patients without metabolic syndrome and are also increased in the plasma of patients with type 2 diabetes compared to individuals without diabetes.^8,9

WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.

1. Fatima, S., Hu, X., Gong, R.-H., et al. Palmitic acid is an intracellular signaling molecule involved in disease development. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 76(13), 2547-2557 (2019).

2. Santos, M.J., López-Jurado, M., Llopis, J., et al. Influence of dietary supplementation with fish oil on plasma fatty acid composition in coronary heart disease patients. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 39(1), 52-62 (1995).

3. Binker-Cosen, M.J., Richards, D., Oliver, B., et al. Palmitic acid increases invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells AsPC-1 through TLR4/ROS/NF-κB/MMP-9 signaling pathway. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 484(1), 152-158 (2017).

4. Lee, J.Y., Sohn, K.H., Rhee, S.H., et al. Saturated fatty acids, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated through Toll-like receptor 4. The Journal of Biological Chemisty 276(20), 16683-16689 (2001).

5. Karasawa, T., Kawashima, A., Usui-Kawanishi, F., et al. Saturated fatty acids undergo intracellular crystallization and activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 38(4), 744-756 (2018).

6. Marwarha, G., Rostad, S., Lilek, J., et al. Palmitate increases β-site AβPP-cleavage enzyme 1 activity and amyloid-β genesis by evoking endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent C/EBP homologous protein activation. J. Alzheimers Dis. 57(3), 907-925 (2017).

7. Knowles, C.J., Cebova, M., and Pinz, I.M. Palmitate diet-induced loss of cardiac caveolin-3: A novel mechanism for lipid-induced contractile dysfunction. PLoS One 8(4), e61369 (2013).

8. Yi, L.-Z., He, J., Liang, Y.-Z., et al. Plasma fatty acid metabolic profiling and biomarkers of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on GC/MS and PLS-LDA. FEBS Lett. 580(30), 6837-6845 (2006).

9. Kabagambe, E.K., Tsai, M.Y., Hopkins, P.N., et al. Erythrocyte fatty acid composition and the metabolic syndrome: A National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute GOLDN study. Clin. Chem. 54(1), 154-162 (2008).