RAGE (human, recombinant)

Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a transmembrane protein and member of the IgG superfamily.¹ It is composed of one V-type domain that is responsible for extracellular ligand binding, two C-type domains, a transmembrane domain, and a cytosolic tail involved in intracellular signaling. In addition to full-length and membrane-bound forms, soluble forms of RAGE can be formed either by proteolytic cleavage or alternative splicing. It is highly expressed in the mature lung pneumocytes and embryonic cells and is expressed at lower levels in many other cell types. RAGE has a variety of ligands that share a common structural motif, including AGEs, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), certain S100 proteins, and amyloid-β peptide fibrils.² Ligand activation of RAGE induces binding of the cytoplasmic tail to bridge proteins, such as diaphanous-related formin 1 (DIAPH1) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 adapter-like protein (Mal), which then activate MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways, among others, and lead to activation of NF-κB. RAGE levels increase rapidly at sites of inflammation, and full-length RAGE is associated with a pro-inflammatory state.^1,2 Protein levels of RAGE are increased in postmortem coronary atherosclerotic lesions from patients with diabetes who died from sudden cardiovascular complications.^3,4 However, plasma levels of soluble RAGE are lower in non-diabetic men with coronary artery disease (CAD) than those without CAD.^5,4 Levels of full-length RAGE are decreased in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) tissue compared with non-cancerous lung tissue, and proliferation of lung cancer cells overexpressing RAGE is reduced in vitro.⁶ Cayman’s RAGE (human, recombinant) protein can be used for binding assays. This protein consists of 332 amino acids, has a calculated molecular weight of 35.5 kDa, and a predicted N-terminus of Ala23 after signal peptide cleavage. By SDS-PAGE, under reducing conditions, the apparent molecular mass of the protein is 47-53 kDa due to glycosylation.

WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.

1. Sparvero, L.J., Asafu-Adjei, D., Kang, R., et al. RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation endproducts), RAGE ligands, and their role in cancer and inflammation. J. Transl. Med. 7, 17 (2009).

2. Dong, H., Zhang, Y., Huang, Y., et al. Pathophysiology of RAGE in inflammatory diseases. Front. Immunol. 13, 931743 (2022).

3. Burke, A.P., Kolodgie, F.D., Zieske, A., et al. Morphologic findings of coronary atherosclerotic plaques in diabetics: A postmortem study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24(7), 1266-1271 (2004).

4. Yan, S.F., Ramasamy, R., and Schmidt, A.M. Receptor for AGE (RAGE) and its ligands - Cast into leading roles in diabetes and the inflammatory response. J. Mol. Med. (Berl) 87(3), 235-247 (2009).

5. Falcone, C., Emanuele, E., D'Angelo, A., et al. Plasma levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and coronary artery disease in nondiabetic men. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25(5), 1032-1037 (2005).

6. Bartling, B., Hofmann, H.-S., Weigle, B., et al. Down-regulation of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) supports non-small cell lung carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 26(2), 293-301 (2005).