MMG-11

MMG-11 is an antagonist of the toll-like receptor 1/2 (TLR1/2) heterodimer (IC₅₀ = 0.9 µM in HEK-Blue cells expressing the human receptors).¹ It is selective for TLR1/2 over the TLR2/6 heterodimer (IC₅₀ = 7.4 µM in HEK-Blue cells expressing the human receptors). MMG-11 inhibits TNF-α and IL-6 cytokine secretion induced by the bacterial lipopeptide agonist of TLR2, Pam₃CKS₄ (Item No. 24126), in RAW 264.7 macrophages (IC₅₀s = 3.3 and 0.2 µM, respectively). It increases serotonin transporter (SERT) and glutathione (GSH) activity, as well as decreases lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, in M. avium-infected Caco-2 cells when used at a concentration of 5 ng/ml.²

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1. Grabowski, M., Murgueitio, M.S., Bermudez, M., et al. The novel small-molecule antagonist MMG-11 preferentially inhibits TLR2/1 signaling. Biochem. Pharmacol. 171, 113687 (2020).

2. Qasem, A., Naser, A.E., and Naser, S.A. Enteropathogenic infections modulate intestinal serotonin transporter (SERT) function by activating Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) in Crohn’s disease. Sci. Rep. 11(1), 22624 (2021).